Endocervical glandular neoplasia associated with lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia is HPV-independent and correlates with carbonic anhydrase-IX expression: a Gynaecological Oncology Group Study.

BackgroundLobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH) is a rare lesion of the uterine cervix. It has been proposed that LEGH may represent a precursor lesion to a group of mucinous adenocarcinoma with gastric phenotype (GA) that is independent of high-risk human papillomavirus (H-HPV) infection. Carbonic anhydrase-IX (CA-IX) is highly expressed in conventional glandular lesions (CGLs). However, expression of CA-IX in LEGH or GA has not been studied.MethodsIn all, 12 CGLs, 7 LEGHs, 6 LEGHs with coexisting adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS, 3) and GA (3) were identified from Japanese women with a cytological diagnosis of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance. Immunostaining was used to detect CA-IX and p16(INK)4(a) (hereafter termed p16) protein expression in the tissues and CA-IX protein expression in the Papanicolaou smears (PSs). Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect H-HPV DNA in liquid-based cytology.ResultsOut of 12 (83%) CGLs, 10 were positive with H-HPV and high levels of CA-IX expression were seen in all (100%) cases. P16 protein expression was observed in 11 out of 12 (92%) cases. None of the LEGHs, LEGHs with AIS or GA were positive for H-HPV and only 8 out of 13 (62%) showed focal weak (1+) p16 expression. In contrast, all cases (100%) exhibited strong CA-IX protein expression.ConclusionOur study suggests that there are different molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis resulting in CGLs vs LEGHs associated with AIS or GA. There is also a possible link between LEGHs and GAs. Furthermore, CA-IX expression may serve as a useful biomarker for the detection of GAs in the absence of H-HPV infection

The Role of Instructional Design in Selected Educational Programs for Senior Citizens

No abstract provided by author

The Role of Instructional Design in Selected Educational Programs for Senior Citizens

No abstract provided by author

Fedora Hats and the Great Gazoo: Pop Culture References in Robert J. Sawyer's novel Triggers and Red Planet Blues

Robert J. Sawyer has stated in an interview that regardless of the setting of a science fiction novel it is always about the time in which it was written. In fact, he often uses pop cultural references to draw readers away from the novel’s setting such as the many 20th century references in the futuristic Red Planet Blues which ground it within the hardboiled and noir movements. Over dinner Sawyer admitted that one of his favorite uses of a pop culture reference was using The Great Gazoo to explain a point in Triggers. This is remarkable because Triggers was contemporary to its publication in 2012 while The Great Gazoo is an obscure animated character from 1965. In this case Sawyer’s pop reference moves the reader from the present to the past. Such temporally displaced references may threaten the readers willing suspension of disbelief, but Sawyer finds them an irresistible component in positioning his readers in multiple time settings. This paper is intended to be a multidisciplinary examination and comparison of the effects of pop cultural references in Robert J. Sawyer’s novels Triggers and Red Planet Blues. Particular attention will be paid to differences caused by Triggers’ movement of the reader’s attention from the present to the past versus Red Planet Blues’ movement of the reader’s attention from the future to the past, the past in both cases referring to the middle of the 20th century.  In addition to textual analysis, interviews will be referenced (and more conducted), and some sociological analysis of the choice of pop culture references will be considered

Synchronization of clocks

Peer reviewedPostprin