Is Notice of Copyright Necessary in Works Published Abroad?—A Query and a Quandary

Every field of law has its “twilight zones,” those areas where ambiguous statutes, contradictory decisions and dearth of authority make for uncertainty and confusion. American copyright law is singularly possessed of many such “twilight zones.” The writer has undertaken this article in the hope that his comments may illuminate (and perhaps, eliminate) the shaded area concerning the eligibility for copyright protection of works initially published abroad without notice of copyright

Exploration and exploitation in the presence of network externalities

This paper examines the conditions under which exploration of a new, incompatible technologyis conducive to firm growth in the presence of network externalities. In particular, this studyis motivated bythe divergent evolutions of the PC and the workstation markets in response to a new technology: reduced instruction set computing (RISC). In the PC market, Intel has developed new microprocessors bymaintaining compatibilitywith the established architecture, whereas it was radicallyr eplaced byRISC in the workstation market. History indicates that unlike the PC market, the workstation market consisted of a large number of power users, who are less sensitive to compatibilitythan ordinaryusers. Our numerical analysis indicates that the exploration of a new, incompatible technologyis more likelyto increase the chance of firm growth when there are a substantial number of power users or when a new technologyis introduced before an established technologytakes off. (; ; ;

Lattice QCD at the physical point: Simulation and analysis details

We give details of our precise determination of the light quark masses m_{ud}=(m_u+m_d)/2 and m_s in 2+1 flavor QCD, with simulated pion masses down to 120 MeV, at five lattice spacings, and in large volumes. The details concern the action and algorithm employed, the HMC force with HEX smeared clover fermions, the choice of the scale setting procedure and of the input masses. After an overview of the simulation parameters, extensive checks of algorithmic stability, autocorrelation and (practical) ergodicity are reported. To corroborate the good scaling properties of our action, explicit tests of the scaling of hadron masses in N_f=3 QCD are carried out. Details of how we control finite volume effects through dedicated finite volume scaling runs are reported. To check consistency with SU(2) Chiral Perturbation Theory the behavior of M_\pi^2/m_{ud} and F_\pi as a function of m_{ud} is investigated. Details of how we use the RI/MOM procedure with a separate continuum limit of the running of the scalar density R_S(\mu,\mu') are given. This procedure is shown to reproduce the known value of r_0m_s in quenched QCD. Input from dispersion theory is used to split our value of m_{ud} into separate values of m_u and m_d. Finally, our procedure to quantify both systematic and statistical uncertainties is discussed.Comment: 45 page

Increasing Dominance - the Role of Advertising, Pricing and Product Design

Despite the empirical relevance of advertising strategies in concentrated markets, the economics literature is largely silent on the effect of persuasive advertising strategies on pricing, market structure and increasing (or decreasing) dominance. In a simple model of persuasive advertising and pricing with differentiated goods, we analyze the interdependencies between ex-ante asymmetries in consumer appeal, advertising and prices. Products with larger initial appeal to consumers will be advertised more heavily but priced at a higher level - that is, advertising and price discounts are strategic substitutes for products with asymmetric initial appeal. We find that the escalating effect of advertising dominates the moderating effect of pricing so that post-competition market shares are more asymmetric than pre-competition differences in consumer appeal. We further find that collusive advertising (but competitive pricing) generates the same market outcomes, and that network effects lead to even more extreme market outcomes, both directly and via the effect on advertising

Entanglement between Demand and Supply in Markets with Bandwagon Goods

Whenever customers' choices (e.g. to buy or not a given good) depend on others choices (cases coined 'positive externalities' or 'bandwagon effect' in the economic literature), the demand may be multiply valued: for a same posted price, there is either a small number of buyers, or a large one -- in which case one says that the customers coordinate. This leads to a dilemma for the seller: should he sell at a high price, targeting a small number of buyers, or at low price targeting a large number of buyers? In this paper we show that the interaction between demand and supply is even more complex than expected, leading to what we call the curse of coordination: the pricing strategy for the seller which aimed at maximizing his profit corresponds to posting a price which, not only assumes that the customers will coordinate, but also lies very near the critical price value at which such high demand no more exists. This is obtained by the detailed mathematical analysis of a particular model formally related to the Random Field Ising Model and to a model introduced in social sciences by T C Schelling in the 70's.Comment: Updated version, accepted for publication, Journal of Statistical Physics, online Dec 201

nIFTy galaxy cluster simulations – V. Investigation of the cluster infall region

We examine the properties of the galaxies and dark matter haloes residing in the cluster infall region surrounding the simulated $\Lambda$ cold dark matter galaxy cluster studied by Elahi et al. at $z$ = 0. The 1.1 × 10$^{15}$ $h^{−1}$ M$_\odot$ galaxy cluster has been simulated with eight different hydrodynamical codes containing a variety of hydrodynamic solvers and sub-grid schemes. All models completed a dark-matter-only, non-radiative and full-physics run from the same initial conditions. The simulations contain dark matter and gas with mass resolution $m_\text{DM}$ = 9.01 × 10$^8$ $h^{−1}$ M$_\odot$ and $m_\text{gas}$ = 1.9 × 10$^8$ $h^{−1}$ M$_\odot$, respectively. We find that the synthetic cluster is surrounded by clear filamentary structures that contain ~60 per cent of haloes in the infall region with mass ~10$^{12.5}$–10$^{14}$ $h^{−1}$ M$_\odot$, including 2–3 group-sized haloes (>10$^{13}$ $h^{−1}$ M$_\odot$). However, we find that only ~10 per cent of objects in the infall region are sub-haloes residing in haloes, which may suggest that there is not much ongoing pre-processing occurring in the infall region at $z$ = 0. By examining the baryonic content contained within the haloes, we also show that the code-to-code scatter in stellar fraction across all halo masses is typically ~2 orders of magnitude between the two most extreme cases, and this is predominantly due to the differences in sub-grid schemes and calibration procedures that each model uses. Models that do not include active galactic nucleus feedback typically produce too high stellar fractions compared to observations by at least ~1 order of magnitude.The authors would like the acknowledge the Centre for High Performance Computing in Rosebank, Cape Town, for financial support and for hosting the ‘Comparison Cape Town’ workshop in 2016, July. The authors would further like to acknowledge the support of the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) node at the University of Western Australia (UWA) in hosting the precursor workshop ‘Perth Simulated Cluster Comparison’ in 2015, March; the financial support of the UWA Research Collaboration Award 2014 and 2015 schemes; the financial support of the ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO) CE110001020 and ARC Discovery Projects DP130100117 and DP140100198. We would also like to thank the Instituto de Fisica Teorica (IFT-UAM/CSIC in Madrid) for its support, via the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa Program under Grant No. SEV- 2012-0249, during the three-week workshop ‘nIFTy Cosmology’ in 2014, where the foundation for the whole comparison project was established. JA acknowledges support from a post-graduate award from STFC. PJE is supported by the SSimPL programme and the Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA) and Australian Research Council (ARC) grants DP130100117 and DP140100198. AK is supported by the Ministerio de Econom´ıa y Competitividad (MINECO) in Spain through grant AYA2012-31101 as well as the ConsoliderIngenio 2010 Programme of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MICINN) under grant MultiDark CSD2009-00064. ´ He also acknowledges support from the ARC grant DP140100198. He further thanks Noonday Underground for surface noise. STK acknowledges support from STFC through grant ST/L000768/1. CP acknowledges the support of the ARC through Future Fellowship FT130100041 and Discovery Project DP140100198. WC and CP acknowledge the support of ARC DP130100117. GY and FS acknowledge support from MINECO (Spain) through the grant AYA 2012-31101. GY thanks also the Red Espanola de Supercomputa- ˜ cion for granting the computing time in the Marenostrum Supercomputer at BSC, where all the MUSIC simulations have been performed. AMB is supported by the DFG Research Unit 1254 ‘Magnetisation of interstellar and intergalactic media’ and by the DFG Cluster of Excellence ‘Universe’. GM acknowledge support from the PRIN-MIUR 2012 Grant ‘The Evolution of Cosmic Baryons’ funded by the Italian Minister of University and Research, by the PRIN-INAF 2012 Grant ‘Multi-scale Simulations of Cosmic Structures’, by the INFN INDARK Grant and by the ‘Consorzio per la Fisica di Trieste’. IGM acknowledges support from an STFC Advanced Fellowship. EP acknowledges support by the ERC grant ‘The Emergence of Structure During the Epoch of Reionization’

Two-loop Corrections to the B to pi Form Factor from QCD Sum Rules on the Light-Cone and |V(ub)|

We calculate the leading-twist O(alphas^2 beta0) corrections to the B to pi transition form factor f+(0) in light-cone sum rules. We find that, as expected, there is a cancellation between the O(alphas^2 beta0) corrections to fB f+(0) and the large corresponding corrections to fB, calculated in QCD sum rules. This suggests the insensitivity of the form factors calculated in the light-cone sum rules approach to this source of radiative corrections. We further obtain an improved determination of the CKM matrix element |V(ub)|, using latest results from BaBar and Belle for f+(0)|V(ub)|.Comment: 18 pages, 3 figure

A Randomized, Controlled Investigation of Motor Cortex Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Effects on Quantitative Sensory Measures in Healthy Adults: Evaluation of TMS Device Parameters

There is emerging evidence that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can produce analgesic effects in clinical samples and in healthy adults undergoing experimentally induced pain, and the field of minimally invasive brain stimulation for the management of pain is expanding rapidly. While, motor cortex is the most widely used cortical target for TMS in the management of neuropathic pain, few studies have systematically investigated the analgesic effects of a full range of device parameters to provide initial hints about what stimulation intensities and frequencies are most helpful (or even potentially harmful) to patients. Further, there is considerable inconsistency between studies with respect to laboratory pain measurement procedures, TMS treatment parameters, sophistication of the sham methods, and sample-sizes. The present study employed a sham-controlled, within-subject, cross-over design to examine the effects of five different TMS treatment parameters across several quantitative sensory measures in a sample of healthy adult volunteers. 65 participants underwent quantitative sensory testing procedures pre- and post- 40-minutes of real and sham motor cortex TMS. TMS was delivered at 1Hz 80% resting motor threshold (rMT), 1Hz 100%rMT, 10Hz 80%rMT, 10Hz 100%rMT, or 50Hz triplets at 90% of active motor threshold (intermittent theta-burst). The mean painfulness rating of real TMS stimulation itself was 3.0 (SE=.36) out of 10 and was significantly greater than zero (t(64)=8.17, p<.0001). The sham TMS methods used permitted matching between real and sham TMS-induced scalp sensations and participants were successfully blinded to condition (real versus sham). Findings suggest that the effects of motor cortex TMS on quantitative sensory tests in healthy adults vary across different treatment parameters with the smallest observed effect for intermittent theta-burst stimulation (Cohen's d=0.03) and the largest for 10Hz 100%rMT (d=.34). Overall, TMS was associated with statistically significant effects on warm and cool sensory thresholds, cold pain thresholds, suprathreshold stimulus unpleasantness ratings and wind-up pain. With respect to device parameter effects, higher frequency stimulation appears to be associated with the most analgesic and anti-sensitivity effects with the exception of intermittent theta-burst stimulation. The present findings support several clinical research findings suggesting that higher TMS frequencies tend to be associated with the most clinical benefit in patients with chronic pain