Measurement of Active Power and Energy Consumption Loads with PWM Control and Nonlinear Character

Import 22/07/2015Cílem této bakalářské práce bylo změřit činný výkon a elektrickou energii na nelineárním spotřebiči pomocí vybraných měřicích zařízení. Jako nelineární zátěž obvodu jsem zvolil úspornou zářivku a laboratorní pec. Naměřené hodnoty jsem poté graficky vykreslil a popsal. Použité přístroje jsem porovnal podle technických parametrů, jejich přesnosti a spolehlivosti. Toto měření jsem zrealizoval v laboratoři EB 116 pod dohledem vedoucího bakalářské práce.The aim of this study was to measure real power and energy on nonlinear spo-kept away by using the selected measuring device. As a nonlinear load circuit I chose saving lamp and laboratory furnace. He then measured values graphically portrayed and described. Used apparatus the I compared the technical parameters of accuracy and reliability. I realized this measurement in the laboratory EB 116 under the supervision of the thesis.410 - Katedra elektroenergetikydobř

Longitudinal associations of multiple physical symptoms with recurrence of depressive and anxiety disorders

Objective To examine longitudinal associations of multiple physical symptoms with recurrence of depressive and anxiety disorders. Methods Follow-up data of 584 participants with remitted depressive or anxiety disorders were used from the Netherlands Study of Depressive and Anxiety disorders. Multiple physical symptoms were measured at baseline (T1) and two-year follow-up (T2) by the Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire (4DSQ) somatization subscale. Recurrence of depressive and anxiety disorders was assessed at two-year (T2) and four-year (T4) follow-up with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Logistic Generalized Estimating Equations were used to examine associations of multiple physical symptoms with recurrence of depressive and anxiety disorders. Depressive (IDS-SR) and anxiety symptoms (BAI), and other relevant covariates were taken into account. Results Multiple physical symptoms were significantly associated with recurrence of depression (OR = 1.04, 95%CI = 1.00–1.08), anxiety (OR = 1.07, 95%CI = 1.03–1.12), and depressive or anxiety disorders (OR = 1.06, 95%CI = 1.02–1.10), on average over time. Odds ratios did not change substantially when the IDS-SR mood-cognition and BAI subjective scale were included as covariates. Conclusion The presence of multiple physical symptoms was positively related to recurrence of depressive and anxiety disorders, independent of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Knowledge of risk factors for recurrence of depressive and anxiety disorders, such as the presence of multiple physical symptoms, could provide possibilities for better targeting interventions to prevent recurrence

Management of patients with persistent medically unexplained symptoms: a descriptive study

Background: In 2013 the Dutch guideline for management of medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) was published. The aim of this study is to assess medical care for patients with persistent MUS as recorded in their electronic medical records, to investigate if this is in line with the national guideline for persistent MUS and whether there are changes in care over time. Methods: We conducted an observational study of adult primary care patients with MUS. Routinely recorded health care data were extracted from electronic medical records of patients participating in an ongoing randomised controlled trial in 30 general practices in the Netherlands. Data on general practitioners’ (GPs’) management strategies during MUS consultations were collected in a 5-year period for each patient prior. Management strategies were categorised according to the options offered in the Dutch guideline. Changes in management over time were analysed. Results: Data were collected from 1035 MUS consultations (77 patients). Beside history-taking, the most frequently used diagnostic strategies were physical examination (24.5%) and additional investigations by the GP (11.1%). Frequently used therapeutic strategies were prescribing medication (24.6%) and providing explanations (11.2%). As MUS symptoms persisted, GPs adjusted medication, discussed progress and scheduled follow-up appointments more frequently. The least frequently used strategies were exploration of all complaint dimensions (i.e. somatic, cognitive, emotional, behavioural and social) (3.5%) and referral to a psychologist (0.5%) or psychiatrist (0.1%). Conclusions: Management of Dutch GPs is partly in line with the Dutch guideline. Medication was possibly prescribed more frequently than recommended, whereas exploration of all complaint dimensions, shared problem definition and referral to mental health care were used less

Effectiveness of a cognitive behavioural intervention for patients with undifferentiated somatoform disorder: results from the CIPRUS cluster randomized controlled trial in primary care

Objective: To examine the effectiveness of a cognitive behavioural intervention delivered by mental health nurse practitioners (MHNPs) to patients with undifferentiated somatoform disorder (USD), compared to usual care. Methods: We conducted a cluster randomized trial among primary care patients with USD comparing the intervention to usual care. The intervention consisted of six sessions with the MHNP. Primary outcome was physical functioning (RAND-36 physical component summary score). Secondary outcomes were the RAND-36 mental component summary score and the eight subscales; anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and somatic symptom severity (Patient Health Questionnaire-15). Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 2, 4 and 12 months. We analysed data using linear mixed models by intention-to-treat, and investigated effect modifiers. Results: Compared to usual care (n=87), the intervention group (n=111) showed an improvement in physical functioning (mean difference 2.24 [95% CI 0.51; 3.97]; p=.011), a decrease in limitations due to physical problems (mean difference 10.82 [95% CI 2.14; 19.49]; p.=0.015) and in pain (mean difference 5.08 [95% CI 0.58; 9.57]; p=.027), over 12 months. However effect sizes were small and less clinically relevant than expected. We found no differences for anxiety, depression and somatic symptom severity. Effects were larger and clinically relevant for patients with more recent symptoms and fewer physical diseases. Conclusion: The cognitive behavioural intervention was effective in improving pain and physical functioning components of patients' health. It was particularly suitable for patients with symptoms that had been present for a limited number of years and with few comorbid physical diseases. Trial registration: The trial is registered in the Dutch Trial Registry, www.trialregister.nl, under NTR4686

Systematic review of measurement properties of questionnaires measuring somatization in primary care patients

Objective The aim of this review is to critically appraise the evidence on measurement properties of self-report questionnaires measuring somatization in adult primary care patients and to provide recommendations about which questionnaires are most useful for this purpose. Methods We assessed the methodological quality of included studies using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. To draw overall conclusions about the quality of the questionnaires, we conducted an evidence synthesis using predefined criteria for judging the measurement properties. Results We found 24 articles on 9 questionnaires. Studies on the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) and the Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire (4DSQ) somatization subscale prevailed and covered the broadest range of measurement properties. These questionnaires had the best internal consistency, test-retest reliability, structural validity, and construct validity. The PHQ-15 also had good criterion validity, whereas the 4DSQ somatization subscale was validated in several languages. The Bodily Distress Syndrome (BDS) checklist had good internal consistency and structural validity. Some evidence was found for good construct validity and criterion validity of the Physical Symptom Checklist (PSC-51) and good construct validity of the Symptom Check-List (SCL-90-R) somatization subscale. However, these three questionnaires were only studied in a small number of primary care studies. Conclusion Based on our findings, we recommend the use of either the PHQ-15 or 4DSQ somatization subscale for somatization in primary care. Other questionnaires, such as the BDS checklist, PSC-51 and the SCL-90-R somatization subscale show promising results but have not been studied extensively in primary care. © 2017 Elsevier Inc

The CIPRUS study, a nurse-led psychological treatment for patients with undifferentiated somatoform disorder in primary care: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Background: Up to a third of patients presenting medically unexplained physical symptoms in primary care may have a somatoform disorder, of which undifferentiated somatoform disorder (USD) is the most common type. Psychological interventions can reduce symptoms associated with USD and improve functioning. Previous research has either been conducted in secondary care or interventions have been provided by general practitioners (GPs) or psychologists in primary care. As efficiency and cost-effectiveness are imperative in primary care, it is important to investigate whether nurse-led interventions are effective as well. The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a short cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)-based treatment for patients with USD provided by mental health nurse practitioners (MHNPs), compared to usual care. Methods: In a cluster randomised controlled trial, 212 adult patients with USD will be assigned to the intervention or care as usual. The intervention group will be offered a short, individual CBT-based treatment by the MHNP in addition to usual GP care. The main goal of the intervention is that patients become less impaired by their physical symptoms and cope with symptoms in a more effective way. In six sessions patients will receive problem-solving treatment. The primary outcome is improvement in physical functioning, measured by the physical component summary score of the RAND-36. Secondary outcomes include health-related quality of life measured by the separate subscales of the RAND-36, somatization (PHQ-15) and symptoms of depression and anxiety (HADS). Problem-solving skills, health anxiety, illness perceptions, coping, mastery and working alliance will be assessed as potential mediators. Assessments will be done at 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 months. An economic evaluation will be conducted from a societal perspective with quality of life as the primary outcome measure assessed by the EQ-5D-5L. Health care, patient and lost productivity costs will be assessed with the Tic-P. Discussion: We expect that the intervention will improve physical functioning and is cost-effective compared to usual care. If so, more patients might successfully be treated in general practice, decreasing the number of referrals to specialist care. Trial registration: Dutch Trial Registry, identifier: NTR4686, Registered on 14 July 2014. © 2017 The Author(s)

Cognitieve gedragsinterventie door de poh-ggz bij SOLK

Huisartsen zien veel patiënten met somatisch onvoldoende verklaarde lichamelijke klachten (SOLK). We onderzochten de effectiviteit van cognitieve gedragstherapie uitgevoerd door de praktijkondersteuner ggz bij patiënten met SOLK die minstens een half jaar klachten hadden met een clustergerandomiseerde gecontroleerde trial in 85 huisartsenpraktijken. De interventie leidde tot minder pijn en beter fysiek functioneren, vooral bij patiënten die minder lang klachten en een beperkt aantal bijkomende aandoeningen hadden. Bij mensen met langer bestaande klachten en meerdere somatische aandoeningen was de interventie niet effectief

Predictors of Health Care Use of Women with Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review

The aim of this study was to identify predictors of health care use among women with breast cancer by conducting a systematic review. Potentially relevant studies were identified by searching the PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases. Also, backward and forward citation searches were performed. Studies were selected if they addressed associations between (a) sociodemographic, enabling (e.g., income), clinical and health related, or psychosocial predictors, and (b) medical, psychosocial, or paramedical health care use of adult women with breast cancer. The health care types of interest were hospital utilization and provider visits. An evaluation of aggregated findings was performed to determine consistency of findings between studies. Sixteen studies were included in the review. Higher age, a more advanced cancer stage, more comorbid disorders, having a mastectomy, a lymph node dissection, and breast reconstruction were consistently associated with higher hospital utilization. None of the patient characteristics were consistently associated with medical, psychosocial, or paramedical health care use-but psychosocial or paramedical associations were also less examined. In conclusion, sociodemographic, medical, and treatment-related factors were consistently associated with (higher) health care use of breast cancer patients. Practitioners may use this information to anticipate future use of subgroups of patients. Results may also be used in the development of interventions that target relevant predictors, to reduce patients' health care use and accompanying health care costs. Furthermore, more research is needed to identify predictors of psychosocial and paramedical health care us

A brief cognitive behavioral intervention is cost-effective for primary care patients with medically unexplained physical symptoms compared to usual care

Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of a brief cognitive behavioural intervention for patients with medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) provided by a mental health nurse practitioner (MHNP) in primary care in comparison with usual care. Methods: We performed an economic evaluation from a societal perspective alongside a cluster randomised controlled trial with 12 months follow-up. The primary outcome was quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Secondary outcomes were the RAND-36 physical component summary score (PCS), somatic symptom severity (Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-15), and anxiety and depression symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)). Missing data were imputed using multiple imputation. We used non-parametric bootstrapping to estimate statistical uncertainty. The bootstrapped cost-effect pairs were used to estimate cost-effectiveness planes and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. Results: Mean total costs in the intervention group were significantly lower than in the usual care group (mean difference − 2300€, 95% CI -3257 to −134). The mean difference in QALYs was 0.01 (95% CI −0.01 to 0.04), in PCS 2.46 (95% CI 1.44 to 3.47), in PHQ-15 -0.26 (95% CI -0.81 to 0.28), and in HADS -0.07 (−0.81 to 0.67). At a willingness to pay of 0 € per additional unit of effect, the probability of the intervention being cost-effective was 0.93 for QALYs and 0.92 for PCS, PHQ-15 and HADS scores. Conclusion: Our intervention is cost-effective compared to usual care for patients with MUPS. Implementation of the intervention has the potential to result in a significant decline in costs. However, large scale implementation would require increased deployment of MHNPs