Regulation of Murine Class I Genes by Interferons is Controlled by Regions Located Both 5' and 3' to the Transcription Initiation Site

Interferons regulate the expression of a large number of mammalian genes, including the major histocompatibility antigen genes. To investigate the mechanisms involved in interferon action, we have analyzed the ability of murine H-2Ld and H-2Dd DNA sequences to control the responses to interferon. The results indicate that interferon regulation of class I gene expression is complex and involves at least two mechanisms that are dependent on class I sequences located upstream and downstream to the transcription initiation site. In transfected mouse L cells, both of these regions are required for full enhancement of class I gene expression, with the major portion of the response controlled by the sequences located 3' to the transcription initiation site. The fine-mapping analysis of the 5' region-encoded response also suggests that recombinant alpha and gamma interferons may exert their effects on class I gene expression by using different cis-acting regulatory sequences

Sociology's Potential to Improve Forest Management and Inform Forest Policy

Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Does vocational education give a labour market advantage over the whole career? A comparison of the United Kingdom and Switzerland

Research suggests that vocational education and training (VET) tends to reduce youth unemployment by providing them with specific skills, thus smoothing the transition from education to work. However, we still know relatively little aboutwhether vocational education provides higher employment rate and wages over the entire working trajectory than holders of lower education; after several years of experience, both groups may indeed have similar skills and thus similar situations in the labour market. We compare the situation in the United Kingdom and Switzerland, two countries that share a tradition of vocational education but differ in the specificity and standardisation of their VET system. Creating a pseudo-cohort with repeated rounds of the United Kingdom and Swiss labour force surveys, we use regression models and compare the employment rate and hourly wage of our two groups of interest: individuals with vocational education at the upper secondary level and individuals with no more than compulsory education. We find that VET graduates fare better in terms of both employment and wages over the whole career. This advantage is larger for women than men and, contrary to our hypothesis, larger in the United Kingdom than in Switzerland with respect to employment prospects

Positioning the subject : a social psychoanalytical analysis of aggressive behaviour

Bibliography: leaves 44-46.This research project addresses aggressive and violent behaviour. It focuses on the question of the experiences of a research subject whose behaviour results from his inability to resolve the anxiety arising from his positioning in contradictory discourses. The relationship between his behaviour and underlying aggressive instincts is also considered. This paper integrates the theoretical approach developed by the social constructionists with that argued by Melanie Klein and her successors. It posits that a psychoanalytic perspective augments the social constructionist exploration of the emotional investments which secure a subject's positioning in discourse. The theoretical argument is illustrated with clinical material which examines the subject's positioning within contradictory discourses and the unconscious mechanisms which operate to secure this investment

Beschäftigungs- und Lohnperspektiven nach einer Berufslehre

Eine Berufslehre erleichtert den Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt. Wir analysieren, ob der sich daraus ergebende kurzfristige Vorteil auch im weiteren Lebenslauf erhalten bleibt. Eine Lehre bereitet Jugendliche gut auf den Beginn ihres Berufslaufbahn vor. Doch vor dem 20 Altersjahr erworbene, mit einem bestimmten Beruf verbundene Kompetenzen können sich bei einem 45jährigen als obsolet erweisen. Wir vergleichen deshalb die Entwicklung der Erwerbsbeteilung und der Löhne nach einer Berufslehre mit derjenigen nach einer Matura. Unsere Ergebnisse beruhen auf der Schweizerischen Arbeitskräfteerhebung 1991-2014 und zeigen, dass Personen mit einer Berufslehre nicht vom technologischen Wandel überrollt werden. In allen Altersgruppen sind die Arbeitslosenquote und der Anteil der Nichterwerbstätigen unter den Personen mit einem Lehrabschluss niedrig. Weniger rosig sieht die Bilanz jedoch bei den Löhnen aus. Zwar erleichtert eine Lehre den Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt, aber eine Matura führt zu einem deutlich stärkeren Lohnanstieg im Lauf des Erwerbskarriere. Vom 30. Altersjahr an verdienen Beschäftigte, die nur über eine Matura - und somit über keine tertiäre Ausbildung - verfügen, höhere Jahreslöhne als diejenigen, welche eine Berufslehre absolviert haben. Dieser Lohnvorteil für die Maturität zeigt sich besonders stark bei Frauen

Quelles perspectives d'emploi et de salaire après un apprentissage

Nous analysons si les avantages d'un apprentissage à court terme, dus à une bonne intégration dans le marché du travail, se maintiennent au long du parcours de vie. Un apprentissage prépare bien les jeunes pour le début de leur carrière. Cependant, les compétences liées à un métier spécifique, apprises avant l'âge de 20 ans, peuvent se révéler obsolètes à l'âge de 45 ans. Nous comparons ainsi l'évolution de l'emploi et des salaires pour un apprentissage avec celle pour une maturité. Nos résultats se basent sur l'Enquête suisse sur la population active 1991-2014 et montrent que les travailleurs au bénéfice d'un apprentissage ne sont pas pris de vitesse par le changement technologique. Pour tous les âges, les taux de chômage et d'inactivité sont bas parmi les personnes avec un apprentissage - et leur taux d'emploi reste élevé au-delà de l'âge de 50 ans. Le bilan est toutefois moins rose au niveau des salaires. Si un apprentissage facilite le départ sur le marché du travail, une maturité donne lieu à une progression salariale au long du parcours de vie nettement supérieure. A partir de l'âge de 30 ans, les travailleurs n'ayant qu'une maturité - et donc pas de formation tertiaire - gagnent des salaires annuels plus élevés que ceux ayant effectué un apprentissage. L'avantage salarial en faveur de la maturité est particulièrement marqué pour les femmes

The yeast PHO5 promoter: from single locus to systems biology of a paradigm for gene regulation through chromatin

Chromatin dynamics crucially contributes to gene regulation. Studies of the yeast PHO5 promoter were key to establish this nowadays accepted view and continuously provide mechanistic insight in chromatin remodeling and promoter regulation, both on single locus as well as on systems level. The PHO5 promoter is a context independent chromatin switch module where in the repressed state positioned nucleosomes occlude transcription factor sites such that nucleosome remodeling is a prerequisite for and not consequence of induced gene transcription. This massive chromatin transition from positioned nucleosomes to an extensive hypersensitive site, together with respective transitions at the co-regulated PHO8 and PHO84 promoters, became a prime model for dissecting how remodelers, histone modifiers and chaperones co-operate in nucleosome remodeling upon gene induction. This revealed a surprisingly complex cofactor network at the PHO5 promoter, including five remodeler ATPases (SWI/SNF, RSC, INO80, Isw1, Chd1), and demonstrated for the first time histone eviction in trans as remodeling mode in vivo. Recently, the PHO5 promoter and the whole PHO regulon were harnessed for quantitative analyses and computational modeling of remodeling, transcription factor binding and promoter input-output relations such that this rewarding single-locus model becomes a paradigm also for theoretical and systems approaches to gene regulatory networks

The yeast PHO5 promoter: from single locus to systems biology of a paradigm for gene regulation through chromatin

Chromatin dynamics crucially contributes to gene regulation. Studies of the yeast PHO5 promoter were key to establish this nowadays accepted view and continuously provide mechanistic insight in chromatin remodeling and promoter regulation, both on single locus as well as on systems level. The PHO5 promoter is a context independent chromatin switch module where in the repressed state positioned nucleosomes occlude transcription factor sites such that nucleosome remodeling is a prerequisite for and not consequence of induced gene transcription. This massive chromatin transition from positioned nucleosomes to an extensive hypersensitive site, together with respective transitions at the co-regulated PHO8 and PHO84 promoters, became a prime model for dissecting how remodelers, histone modifiers and chaperones co-operate in nucleosome remodeling upon gene induction. This revealed a surprisingly complex cofactor network at the PHO5 promoter, including five remodeler ATPases (SWI/SNF, RSC, INO80, Isw1, Chd1), and demonstrated for the first time histone eviction in trans as remodeling mode in vivo. Recently, the PHO5 promoter and the whole PHO regulon were harnessed for quantitative analyses and computational modeling of remodeling, transcription factor binding and promoter input-output relations such that this rewarding single-locus model becomes a paradigm also for theoretical and systems approaches to gene regulatory networks