Natural trace element salinization of the Jemez River, New Mexico by geothermal springs and major tributaries

The Jemez River (JR), a tributary of the Rio Grande, is in north-central New Mexico within the Jemez Mountains, which houses the active, high-temperature (≤ 300 oC), liquid-dominated Valles Caldera geothermal system (VC). This work focuses on the northern portion of the JR, spanning a reach from the East Fork JR to the town of San Ysidro. Previous decadal work during low-flow or baseflow conditions (~10-20 cfs) has identified and characterized significant major-solute contributions from two outflow expressions of the VC, Soda Dam Springs and Jemez Hot Springs, and two major tributaries, Rio San Antonio and Rio Guadalupe. There is generally a net ~500-ppm increase from below Soda Dam to the end of the study segment. The distribution of concentrations of twenty-four trace metals from recent Fall 2017 sampling are defined by range from \u27ultra-trace\u27 levels (0.1-1 ppb) to measurements as much as 1 ppm. A set of elements (e.g., As, Li, Rb, Ba, Ti) follows the same downstream behavior of major ions, which is characterized by an increase in concentrations at each inflow and the observed greatest contribution (as much as an order of magnitude) is at Soda Dam. Another group (e.g., U, Al, Fe, Mn, Se) shows complex downstream patterns, which may be a result of non-conservative processes, such as precipitation/dissolution, sorption, and complexation. We attempt to resolve these potential in-stream processes with high-resolution (regular 1-km spacing with interspersed 50-m intervals around sites with complete chemistry) spatial surveys of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, and turbidity

Provenance and Paleogeography of the 25-17 Ma Rainbow Gardens Formation: Evidence for Tectonic Activity at Ca. 19 Ma and Internal Drainage rather than Throughgoing Paleorivers on the Southwestern Colorado Plateau

The paleogeographic evolution of the Lake Mead region of southern Nevada and northwest Arizona is crucial to understanding the geologic history of the U.S. Southwest, including the evolution of the Colorado Plateau and formation of the Grand Canyon. The ca. 25–17 Ma Rainbow Gardens Formation in the Lake Mead region, the informally named, roughly coeval Jean Conglomerate, and the ca. 24–19 Ma Buck and Doe Conglomerate southeast of Lake Mead hold the only stratigraphic evidence for the Cenozoic pre-extensional geology and paleogeography of this area. Building on prior work, we present new sedimentologic and stratigraphic data, including sandstone provenance and detrital zircon data, to create a more detailed paleogeographic picture of the Lake Mead, Grand Wash Trough, and Hualapai Plateau region from 25 to 18 Ma. These data confirm that sediment was sourced primarily from Paleozoic strata exposed in surrounding Sevier and Laramide uplifts and active volcanic fields to the north. In addition, a distinctive signal of coarse sediment derived from Proterozoic crystalline basement first appeared in the southwestern corner of the basin ca. 25 Ma at the beginning of Rainbow Gardens Formation deposition and then prograded north and east ca. 19 Ma across the southern half of the basin. Regional thermochronologic data suggest that Cretaceous deposits likely blanketed the Lake Mead region by the end of Sevier thrusting. Post-Laramide northward cliff retreat off the Kingman/Mogollon uplifts left a stepped erosion surface with progressively younger strata preserved northward, on which Rainbow Gardens Formation strata were deposited. Deposition of the Rainbow Gardens Formation in general and the 19 Ma progradational pulse in particular may reflect tectonic uplift events just prior to onset of rapid extension at 17 Ma, as supported by both thermochronology and sedimentary data. Data presented here negate the California and Arizona River hypotheses for an “old” Grand Canyon and also negate models wherein the Rainbow Gardens Formation was the depocenter for a 25–18 Ma Little Colorado paleoriver flowing west through East Kaibab paleocanyons. Instead, provenance and paleocurrent data suggest local to regional sources for deposition of the Rainbow Gardens Formation atop a stripped low-relief western Colorado Plateau surface and preclude any significant input from a regional throughgoing paleoriver entering the basin from the east or northeast

Evaluating the Shinumo-Sespe drainage connection: Arguments against the “old” (70–17 Ma) Grand Canyon models for Colorado Plateau drainage evolution

The provocative hypothesis that the Shinumo Sandstone in the depths of Grand Canyon was the source for clasts of orthoquartzite in conglomerate of the Sespe Formation of coastal California, if verified, would indicate that a major river system flowed southwest from the Colorado Plateau to the Pacific Ocean prior to opening of the Gulf of California, and would imply that Grand Canyon had been carved to within a few hundred meters of its modern depth at the time of this drainage connection. The proposed Eocene Shinumo-Sespe connection, however, is not supported by detrital zircon nor paleomagnetic-inclination data and is refuted by thermochronology that shows that the Shinumo Sandstone of eastern Grand Canyon was \u3e60 °C (∼1.8 km deep) and hence not incised at this time. A proposed 20 Ma (Miocene) Shinumo-Sespe drainage connection based on clasts in the Sespe Formation is also refuted. We point out numerous caveats and non-unique interpretations of paleomagnetic data from clasts. Further, our detrital zircon analysis requires diverse sources for Sespe clasts, with better statistical matches for the four “most-Shinumo-like” Sespe clasts with quartzites of the Big Bear Group and Ontario Ridge metasedimentary succession of the Transverse Ranges, Horse Thief Springs Formation from Death Valley, and Troy Quartzite of central Arizona. Diverse thermochronologic and geologic data also refute a Miocene river pathway through western Grand Canyon and Grand Wash trough. Thus, Sespe clasts do not require a drainage connection from Grand Canyon or the Colorado Plateau and provide no constraints for the history of carving of Grand Canyon. Instead, abundant evidence refutes the “old” (70–17 Ma) Grand Canyon models and supports a \u3c6 Ma Grand Canyon

Abandonment of Unaweep Canyon (1.4–0.8 Ma), western Colorado: Effects of stream capture and anomalously rapid Pleistocene river incision

Cosmogenic-burial and U-series dating, identification of fluvial terraces and lacustrine deposits, and river-profile reconstructions show that capture of the Gunnison River by the Colorado River and abandonment of Unaweep Canyon occurred between 1.4-0.8 Ma. This event led to a rapid pulse of incision unlike any documented in the Rocky Mountains. Following abandonment of Unaweep Canyon by the ancestral Gunnison River, a wave of incision propagated upvalley rapidly through Mancos Shale at rates of ~90-440 km/Ma. The Gunnison River removed 400-500 km3 of erodible Mancos Shale and incised up to 360 m deep in 0.17-0.76 My (incision rates of ~470-2250 m/Ma). Prior to canyon abandonment, long-term (~11-1 Ma) Gunnison River incision averaged ~100 m/Ma. The wave of incision also caused the subsequent capture of the Bostwick-Shinn Park River by the ancestral Uncompahgre River ca. 0.87-0.64 Ma, at a location ~70 km upvalley from Unaweep Canyon. This event led to similarly rapid (up to ~500 m/Ma) but localized river incision. As regional river incision progressed, the juxtaposition of resistant Precambrian bedrock and erodible Mancos Shale within watersheds favored the development of significant relief between adjacent stream segments, which led to stream piracy. The response of rivers to the abandonment of Unaweep Canyon illustrates how the mode and tempo of long-term fluvial incision are punctuated by short-term geomorphic events such as stream piracy. These short-term events can trigger significant landscape changes, but the effects are more localized relative to regional climatically- or tectonically-driven events. Powered byThis is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Geological Society of America and can be found at: http://geosphere.gsapubs.org/.Keywords: Stream piracy, Gunnison River, Knickpoint, Fluvial incision, Unaweep Canyo

Provenance of Cretaceous through Eocene strata of the Four Corners region: Insights from detrital zircons in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado

Cretaceous through Eocene strata of the Four Corners region provide an excellent record of changes in sediment provenance from Sevier thin-skinned thrusting through the formation of Laramide block uplifts and intra-foreland basins. During the ca. 125–50 Ma timespan, the San Juan Basin was flanked by the Sevier thrust belt to the west, the Mogollon highlands rift shoulder to the southwest, and was influenced by (ca. 75–50 Ma) Laramide tectonism, ultimately preserving a >6000 ft (>2000 m) sequence of continental, marginal-marine, and offshore marine sediments. In order to decipher the influences of these tectonic features on sediment delivery to the area, we evaluated 3228 U-Pb laser analyses from 32 detrital-zircon samples from across the entire San Juan Basin, of which 1520 analyses from 16 samples are newly reported herein. The detrital-zircon results indicate four stratigraphic intervals with internally consistent age peaks: (1) Lower Cretaceous Burro Canyon Formation, (2) Turonian (93.9–89.8 Ma) Gallup Sandstone through Campanian (83.6–72.1 Ma) Lewis Shale, (3) Campanian Pictured Cliffs Sandstone through Campanian Fruitland Formation, and (4) Campanian Kirtland Sandstone through Lower Eocene (56.0–47.8 Ma) San Jose Formation. Statistical analysis of the detrital-zircon results, in conjunction with paleocurrent data, reveals three distinct changes in sediment provenance. The first transition, between the Burro Canyon Formation and the Gallup Sandstone, reflects a change from predominantly reworked sediment from the Sevier thrust front, including uplifted Paleozoic sediments and Mesozoic eolian sandstones, to a mixed signature indicating both Sevier and Mogollon derivation. Deposition of the Pictured Cliffs Sandstone at ca. 75 Ma marks the beginning of the second transition and is indicated by the spate of near-depositional-age zircons, likely derived from the Laramide porphyry copper province of southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Paleoflow indicators suggest the third change in provenance was complete by 65 Ma as recorded by the deposition of the Paleocene Ojo Alamo Sandstone. However, our new U-Pb detrital-zircon results indicate this transition initiated ∼8 m.y. earlier during deposition of the Campanian Kirtland Formation beginning ca. 73 Ma. This final change in provenance is interpreted to reflect the unroofing of surrounding Laramide basement blocks and a switch to local derivation. At this time, sediment entering the San Juan Basin was largely being generated from the nearby San Juan Mountains to the north-northwest, including uplift associated with early phases of Colorado mineral belt magmatism. Thus, the detrital-zircon spectra in the San Juan Basin document the transition from initial reworking of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic cratonal blanket to unroofing of distant basement-cored uplifts and Laramide plutonic rocks, then to more local Laramide uplifts.National Science Foundation (NSF grant EAR-1649254

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

Classic Rock Tours 3. Grand Canyon Geology, One Hundred and Fifty Years after John Wesley Powell: A Geology Guide for Visiting the South Rim of Grand Canyon National Park

The year 2019 is the 150th anniversary of John Wesley Powell’s epic exploration of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon and the 100th anniversary of the establishment of Grand Canyon National Park. This is an excellent moment to look back 150 years to think about where we have come from as a science and society, and look forward 100 years towards the accelerated change we expect in the future. For historians, archaeologists, geologists and astronomers, of course, this century-long time scale is short compared to other perspectives. They might choose also to celebrate the 479th anniversary of the first sighting of Grand Canyon by Europeans in 1540, the 1000th anniversary of Ancestral Puebloan farmers in Grand Canyon, the 12,000th anniversary of the arrival of humans migrating south from the Bering Land Bridge, the 5 millionth anniversary of the integration of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon to the Gulf of California, the 4.6 billionth anniversary of the formation of Earth, or the 13.75 billionth anniversary of the Big Bang and the formation of our Universe. Geology is all about time, and knowing some geology helps with the difficult endeavour of placing human timeframes into perspectives of deep time. This guide is for geology students of all levels and types visiting the South Rim of Grand Canyon. It is designed as a 3-day field trip and introduction to the rocks and landscapes. The term ‘students’ in our view also includes visitors who want to know about the basics of Grand Canyon geology while taking scenic hikes to see the geology first-hand. It is organized as if you enter the Park at its East entrance, near Cameron, and exit the Park at the South entrance, towards Flagstaff, but the three activities can be done in any order. As an introduction, we present a brief summary of the history of geologic maps and stratigraphic columns, and the geologists who made them. The maps and depictions of Grand Canyon geology over the past 160 years record a visual progression of how geoscience knowledge in general has developed and matured. The first sixty years, before the Park was founded, may have been the greatest in terms of the rapid growth that merged geology, art and public outreach. The second fifty years (to about 1969) saw important advances in stratigraphy and paleontology and solid efforts by the Park to apply and interpret Grand Canyon geology for the public. The most recent 50 years have seen major advances in regional geological mapping, dating of rocks, plate tectonics, and improved geoscience interpretation. The next 100 years will hopefully see additional innovative efforts to use the iconic field laboratory of Grand Canyon rocks and landscapes to resolve global geoscience debates, inform resource sustainability imperatives and contribute to science literacy for an international public. The three activities described are as follows: Activity 1 (an hour or two) is an overview from Lipan Point. This is a vehicle pull-out on the East Rim drive and serves as an introduction for those entering the Park, or a recap for those who are leaving. Activity 2 (most of a day) is a day hike on the South Rim with visits to Yavapai Geology Museum and the Trail of Time Exhibit. The Trail of Time is a geology timeline trail laid out at a scale of one metre = 1 million years along the Rim Trail. It is a great family hike, fully accessible, with magnificent views of Grand Canyon. The rocks were collected along the river and have been placed at their ‘birthdays’ along the Trail for you to see and touch and sketch. If you walk the entire 4.56 km (2.8 mile) Trail of Time, a long way, you get a visceral feeling for the age of the Earth and you also go through historic Grand Canyon Village for lunch and shops. Activity 3 (all day) is a hike to Plateau Point along the Bright Angel Trail. One has not really seen and appreciated Grand Canyon geology until you delve its depths. You can go any distance down, but if you do the entire 19 km (12 mile) hike, you descend through a 1 km (3300 foot) thick set of Paleozoic rock layers to a spectacular vista where you feel like you can touch the Colorado River as well as the Grand Canyon Supergroup and Vishnu basement rocks of the inner Granite Gorge. The Plateau Point Trail takes off at Indian Gardens, or alternatively, this guide describes some good geology stops a short way down Garden Creek. The Bright Angel Trail continues to the Colorado River and to Phantom Ranch at the bottom of the canyon, but this is generally done as an overnight endeavour. You can get campground reservations (https://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/campsite-information.htm) or reservations at Phantom Ranch well in advance through a lottery (https://www.grandcanyonlodges.com/lodging/lottery/).L’année 2019 marque le 150e anniversaire de l’exploration épique du fleuve Colorado par John Wesley Powell à travers le Grand Canyon ainsi que le 100e anniversaire de la création du parc national du Grand Canyon. C’est un excellent moment pour regarder 150 ans en arrière et se rappeler le chemin parcouru par la science et la société, et envisager le changement accéléré auquel nous nous attendons pour les 100 prochaines années. Pour les historiens, les archéologues, les géologues et les astronomes, bien sûr, cette échelle d'un siècle est courte par rapport à d'autres perspectives. Ils pourraient également choisir de célébrer le 479e anniversaire de la première observation du Grand Canyon par les Européens en 1540, le 1000e anniversaire des agriculteurs Pueblo ancestraux dans le Grand Canyon, le 12 000e anniversaire de l'arrivée d'humains migrant depuis l'isthme de Béring vers le sud, le 5 millionième anniversaire de l'intégration du fleuve Colorado à travers le Grand Canyon jusqu'au golfe de Californie, le 4,6 milliardième anniversaire de la formation de la Terre ou le 13,75 milliardième anniversaire du Big Bang et de la formation de notre univers. La géologie est une question de temps, et connaître un peu de géologie facilite la tâche difficile qui consiste à placer l’échelle de temps humaine dans le contexte du « temps profond ». Ce guide est destiné aux étudiants en géologie de tous niveaux et de tous types qui visitent le South Rim du Grand Canyon. Il est conçu comme une excursion de trois jours et une initiation aux roches et aux paysages. Selon nous, le terme « étudiants » inclut également les visiteurs qui souhaitent en savoir plus sur la géologie de base du Grand Canyon tout en faisant des randonnées panoramiques pour observer la géologie. Il est organisé comme si vous entrez dans le parc par son entrée est, près de Cameron, et quittez le parc par l’entrée sud, en direction de Flagstaff, mais les trois activités peuvent être effectuées dans n’importe quel ordre. En guise d'introduction, nous présentons un bref résumé de l'histoire des cartes géologiques et des colonnes stratigraphiques, ainsi que les géologues qui les ont réalisées. Les cartes et les représentations de la géologie du Grand Canyon au cours des 160 dernières années montrent une progression visuelle de l'évolution et de la maturation des connaissances géoscientifiques en général. Les soixante premières années, avant la création du parc, ont peut-être été les meilleures en termes de croissance rapide résultant de la fusion de la géologie, de l’art et de la vulgarisation. Les cinquante années suivantes (jusqu’en 1969 environ) ont été marquées par d’importants progrès en stratigraphie et paléontologie et par les efforts soutenus du parc pour permettre au public d'accéder à l’application et l’interprétation de la géologie du Grand Canyon. Au cours des 50 dernières années, la cartographie géologique régionale, la datation des roches, la tectonique des plaques et l'amélioration de l'interprétation géoscientifique ont considérablement progressé. Espérons que les 100 prochaines années verront des efforts novateurs supplémentaires visant à utiliser l’emblématique laboratoire des roches et du paysages du Grand Canyon pour résoudre les débats géoscientifiques mondiaux, informer sur les impératifs de durabilité des ressources et contribuer à la culture scientifique d’un public international. Les trois activités décrites sont les suivantes. L’activité 1 (une heure ou deux) est une vue d’ensemble de Lipan Point. Il s’agit d’une sortie en véhicule sur East Rim Drive et sert d’introduction pour ceux qui entrent dans le parc ou de récapitulation pour ceux qui en partent. L'activité 2 (presque une journée) est une randonnée d'une journée sur le South Rim avec la visite du musée de géologie de Yavapai et de l'exposition « Trail of Time ». Le « Trail of Time » est un sentier chronologique géologique tracé à une échelle d'un mètre pour un million d'années le long de Rim Trail. C'est une excellente randonnée en famille, entièrement accessible, avec des vues magnifiques sur le Grand Canyon. Les roches ont été collectées le long de la rivière et ont été placées à leurs « anniversaires » le long du sentier pour que le public puisse les voir, les toucher et les dessiner. Le parcours entier du « Trail of Time » sur 4,56 km (2,8 miles) offre une représentation intuitive de l'âge de la Terre et permet de passer également par le village historique du Grand Canyon pour déjeuner et faire les boutiques. L'activité 3 (toute la journée) consiste en une randonnée vers Plateau Point, le long de Bright Angel Trail. On n'a pas vraiment vu et apprécié la géologie du Grand Canyon tant qu’on n’en a pas exploré les profondeurs. N'importe quelle distance peut être parcourue, mais en arpentant les 19 km (12 milles) de la randonnée entière, on descend à travers un ensemble de couches de roches paléozoïques épaisses de 1 km (3 300 pieds) jusqu'à une vue spectaculaire où on a l’impression de pouvoir toucher le fleuve Colorado ainsi que le super-groupe du Grand Canyon et les roches du socle de Vishnu de la gorge granitique intérieure. Le Plateau Point Trail commence à Indian Gardens mais ce guide propose d’autres points de départ avec une géologie intéressante non loin de Garden Creek. Le Bright Angel Trail continue vers le fleuve Colorado et le Phantom Ranch au fond du canyon, mais cela se fait généralement de manière nocturne. Des emplacements aux terrains de camping peuvent être réservés (https://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/campsite-information.htm) ou des réservations au Phantom Ranch peuvent être obtenues bien à l’avance par le biais d’une loterie (https://www.grandcanyonlodges.com/lodging/lottery/)