Time series analysis on the operation of a poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant

Esse trabalho apresenta a avaliação de dados de operação de sistema de tratamento de águas residuárias de abatedouro de frango, através da análise de séries temporais. O objetivo principal foi a obtenção de modelo de previsão capaz de antecipar o controle da operação do sistema de tratamento de águas residuárias do abatedouro, constituindo subsídio para obtenção de estratégias de gestão do sistema de tratamento existente. Registros de 42 meses de parâmetros de monitoramento foram utilizados na modelagem de séries temporais. O modelo de ajuste exponencial para previsão dos valores de demanda química de oxigênio do efluente industrial e do afluente dos reatores biológicos apresentou bom ajuste (erro percentual absoluto da média aritmética menor que 20%) com diferenças na capacidade de previsão menores que 15%. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThis paper presents the evaluation of the operating data of the poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant, by means of time series analysis. It aimed at obtaining a forecasting model able to have the operation of the slaughterhouse wastewater treatment system under control, what leads to subsidy for acquiring the management strategies of the wastewater treatment system. Records of 42 months of the monitoring parameters were used in the time series modeling. The exponentially weighted moving average model for obtaining chemical oxygen demand values of the industrial effluent and the reactors influent stream showed proper adjustment (mean absolute percentage error values smaller than 20%), where the differences on the prediction feasibility were smaller than 15%

Molecular characterization of pre-extensive drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Northeast Brazil

In Fortaleza, the capital of Ceara State, Brazil, the detection rate of tuberculosis (TB) in 2018 was 65.5/100,000 inhabitants with a cure rate of 59.1%, which is higher than the country average. This study investigated the risk factors associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) and identified the drug-resistance phenotype and resistance-conferring mutations. The geographic distribution of DR-TB in Fortaleza, Brazil, was also determined. From March 2017 to February 2018, 41 DR-TB isolates and 69 drug-susceptible pulmonary TB isolates were obtained from patients seen at a referral hospital in Fortaleza, Brazil. Samples were subjected to phenotypic and genetic analysis of resistance; the spatial distribution of the participants was also analyzed. Primary resistance was high (50.9%) among participants. The following risk factors for DR were identified: being female (p = 0.03), having diabetes (p < 0.01), history of previous TB disease (p < 0.01), and the number of intra-domiciliary contacts (p < 0.01). Analysis by multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction detected mutations in the genes katG (65.8%), rpoB (43.9%), inhA promoter (14.6%), and gyrA (9.8%). Sequencing identified mutations in the the genes katG (75.6%), inhA promoter (19.5%), rpoB (85.4%), and gyrA (100%). There was no mutation in the rrs gene. Spatial analysis showed DR-TB isolates distributed in areas of low socioeconomic status in the city of Fortaleza. Our results emphasized the importance of detecting resistance to TB drugs. The resistance found in the gene gyrA is of concern due to the high number of pre-extensive DR-TB cases in Fortaleza

Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections in the State of Para, an Endemic Region for Tuberculosis in North of Brazil

Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil / Federal University of Para. Tropical Medicine Nucleus. Belém, PA, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Federal University of Para. Tropical Medicine Nucleus. Belém, PA, Brazil.Oswaldo Cruz Institute. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Federal University of Para. Department of Integrative Medicine. Belém, PA, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil

MANIFESTAÇÕES CUTÂNEAS E CLÍNICAS EM PACIENTES DIAGNOSTICADOS COM COVID-19 NA AMAZÔNIA: SÉRIE DE CASOS

In 2019, a new obscured pneumonia was reported by Wuhan Chinese scientists. Posteriorly, SARS-Cov-2 structure was identified, furthermore the pathology caused by this virus was named as COVID-19. The period of incubation of this disease is something about 4 or 5 days before the onset of symptoms, with 97,5% of patients having 11,5 days of symptoms nearly. Furthermore, affected patients are having cutaneous manifestations, in addition to the classic pulmonary, laboratorial, and systemic affection. Thus, the goal of the present article was the description of the clinical, cutaneous and laboratorial manifestations in adults of 18 to 59 years old affected by COVID19 and supported by São Rafael hospital, localized in Altamira- Pará, a region of AmazonEn 2019, científicos chinos de Wuhan informaron de una nueva neumonía oscurecida. Posteriormente, se identificó la estructura del SARS-Cov-2, además la patología causada por este virus fue denominada como COVID-19. El período de incubación de esta enfermedad es algo así como 4 o 5 días antes de la aparición de los síntomas, con un 97,5% de los pacientes que tienen casi 11,5 días de síntomas. Además, los pacientes afectados están teniendo manifestaciones cutáneas, además de la clásica afección pulmonar, de laboratorio y sistémica. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente artículo fue la descripción de las manifestaciones clínicas, cutáneas y de laboratorio en adultos de 18 a 59 años afectados por COVID19 y apoyados por el hospital São Rafael, localizado en Altamira-Pará, una región de la Amazonía.Em 2019, uma nova pneumonia obscurecida foi relatada por cientistas chineses de Wuhan. Posteriormente, foi identificada a estrutura SARS-Cov-2, além disso, a patologia causada por esse vírus foi nomeada como COVID-19. O período de incubação desta doença é algo cerca de 4 ou 5 dias antes do início dos sintomas, com 97,5% dos pacientes tendo 11,5 dias de sintomas próximos. Além disso, os pacientes afetados estão tendo manifestações cutâneas, além do afeto pulmonar, laboratorial e sistêmico clássico. Assim, o objetivo do presente artigo foi a descrição das manifestações clínicas, cutâneas e laboratoriais em adultos de 18 a 59 anos afetados pelo COVID19 e apoiados pelo Hospital São Rafael, localizado em Altamira-Pará, região do Amazona

Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in a Captive Tapir (Tapirus terrestris)

Background: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex has already been identified in a great number of wild species. Captive animals may have a potential source for zoonoses, because is related to factors such as cohabitation, direct contact with the public, presence of biological vectors, nutritional deficiencies, absence of sanitary barriers, precautionary hygienic measures and sanitary vigilance. In Brazil, there is little information on tuberculosis in captivity animals, and little attention is given to the risks of disease transmission from humans. The aim of this study was to report the first diagnosed case of tuberculosis Tapirus terrestris in Brazilian Amazon region.Case: One Tapirus terrestris was kept by local zoobotanic foundation in city of Marabá, Southeast of Pará state, Brazilian Amazon, and became ill. Physical examination revealed cough, sneezing, nasal outflow, dyspnea, hyperthermia and lethargy, leading to death. Necropsy demonstrated severe pulmonary alterations: thickening of the inter-alveolar septa, alveolar emphysema, and miliary nodules with dimensions up to 5 mm, which were yellowish-white, caseous, and sometimes calcified. Additionally, large areas of caseous compaction of the parenchyma, characteristic of caseous tuberculosis. Histopathological analysis revealed a process characteristic of mycobacterial infection, with alveoli filled with caseous exudate and thickened septa and fibrocytes, in addition to recently formed tubercles, some with caseous necrosis, calcifications and Langhans cells. In the Ziehl-Neelsen staining, alcohol-acid resistant bacilli were observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes. No mycobacterial growth was observed in Lowenstein-Jensen culture medium. A nested PCR followed by a sequencing assay targeting the hsp65 gene and M. tuberculosis complex member was detected. Water and M. tuberculosis H37Rv were used as negative and positive controls, respectively.Discussion: This article reports the first case of tuberculosis in T. terrestris in Amazonia. The case of infection was caused by a complex of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as reports of other studies described in wild animals. This record presented clinical and pathological similarity with the cases of a tapir and coati at the zoo of Curitiba, and non-human primates in bioteries in Belém. The disease was reported, also, in a T. indicus female in Bangkok, Thailand. In another study with two tapirs there was positivity of tuberculin test result in a Swedish zoo. In necropsy findings of tuberculosis in a Malayan tapir showed multiple white, caseous nodules spread throughout the lungs. Studies have shown that lesions can be in various organs, among them the mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, kidneys, ovaries, serosa, diaphragm, intestines and uterus. For exemple in a case of disseminated tuberculosis caused by M. tuberculosis in a Malayan tapir were described multiple granulomes, some coalescent, characterized by necrotic caseous centers, with some Langhans giant cells and a discrete fibrotic zone. In the present work, the results of the anatomopathological and molecular assays confirmed the clinical suspicion of respiratory infection and established the conclusive diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis caused by M. tuberculosis complex member. It is worth noting that tuberculosis is an important zoonotic disease affecting survival of the species, posing an extinction threat and also a public health concern

Phylogenomic Perspective on a Unique Mycobacterium bovis Clade Dominating Bovine Tuberculosis Infections among Cattle and Buffalos in Northern Brazil.

Lack of routine surveillance in countries endemic for bovine tuberculosis (TB) and limited laboratory support contributes to the inability to differentiate the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex species, leading to an underestimated burden of the disease. Here, Whole-Genome Sequencing of Mycobacterium bovis isolated from tissues with TB-like lesions obtained from cattle and buffalos at Marajó Island, Brazil, demonstrates that recent transmission of M. bovis is ongoing at distinct sites. Moreover, the M. bovis epidemiology in this setting is herein found to be dominated by an endemic and unique clade composed of strains evolved from a common ancestor that are now genetically differentiated from other M. bovis clades. Additionally, envisioning a rapid strain differentiation and tracing across multiple settings, 28 globally validated strain-specific SNPs were identified, three of which considered as robust markers for the M. bovis Marajó strain. In conclusion, this study contributes with data regarding the identification of a novel M. bovis phylogenetic clade responsible for ongoing transmission events in both cattle and buffalo species in Brazil, provides a framework to investigate the dissemination of this highly prevalent strain and, holds the potential to inform TB control strategies that may help to prevent the spread of bovine and zoonotic TB

Strain Classification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates in Brazil Based on Genotypes Obtained by Spoligotyping, Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit Typing and the Presence of Large Sequence and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

International audienceRio de Janeiro is endemic for tuberculosis (TB) and presents the second largest prevalence of the disease in Brazil. Here, we present the bacterial population structure of 218 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, derived from 186 patients that were diagnosed between January 2008 and December 2009. Genotypes were generated by means of spoligotyping, 24 MIRU-VNTR typing and presence of fbpC103, RDRio and RD174. The results confirmed earlier data that predominant genotypes in Rio de Janeiro are those of the Euro American Lineages (99%). However, we observed differences between the classification by spoligotyping when comparing to that of 24 MIRU-VNTR typing, being respectively 43.6% vs. 62.4% of LAM, 34.9% vs. 9.6% of T and 18.3% vs. 21.5% of Haarlem. Among isolates classified as LAM by MIRU typing, 28.0% did not present the characteristic spoligotype profile with absence of spacers 21 to 24 and 32 to 36 and we designated these conveniently as "LAM-like", 79.3% of these presenting the LAM-specific SNP fbpC103. The frequency of RDRio and RD174 in the LAM strains, as defined both by spoligotyping and 24 MIRU-VNTR loci, were respectively 11% and 15.4%, demonstrating that RD174 is not always a marker for LAM/RDRio strains. We conclude that, although spoligotyping alone is a tool for classification of strains of the Euro-American lineage, when combined with MIRU-VNTRs, SNPs and RD typing, it leads to a much better understanding of the bacterial population structure and phylogenetic relationships among strains of M. tuberculosis in regions with high incidence of TB

Perfil epidemiológico e espacial da síndrome gripal confirmada para COVID-19 no início da pandemia no estado do Pará-Brasil

Introduction: COVID-19 broke out in Wuhan in China in December 2019, soon reached pandemic level causing thousands of deaths worldwide. It presents mostly mild flu cases; however, it can evolve into a severe respiratory syndrome that is responsible for hospitalizations and deaths. Objective: To describe the epidemiological and spatial profile of confirmed cases of influenza-like syndrome (GB) by COVID-19 in the state of Pará. Method: Descriptive and ecological study, referring to cases of COVID-19 reported in the E-SUS VE. From the variables of the epidemiological profile, spatial distribution and temporal trend of the disease. Results: The spatial distribution showed that the concentration of cases is located in the southern municipalities of the state. In the profile variables: female gender (53.16%), age group (61.14%) 30 and 59 years, chronic heart disease represented (41.99%), diabetes (31.22%) and (16.30%) chronic respiratory diseases Health professionals infected (8%). Clinical features: fever (71.99%), cough (64.57%), and sore throat (46.78%). Confirmation criteria: rapid antibody test (84.39%), rapid antigen test (7.61%), and RT-PCR (7.48%). The temporal trend of the disease showed the peak of cases in the 20th epidemiological week. Conclusion: Mostly women, most frequent heart diseases and diabetes, confirmed by rapid test and classical symptoms of GS. A flattening of the curve was observed after the 21st week, possibly due to the lockdown intervention. However, it was shown the high number of cases on 07/07/2020 in several regions, specifically in municipalities of the southern region of the state.Introdução: A COVID-19 surgiu em Wuhan na China em dezembro de 2019, logo alcançou o nível de pandemia causando milhares de mortes no mundo. Se apresenta em sua maioria casos gripais leves, entretanto pode evoluir para uma síndrome respiratória grave que é responsável pelas hospitalizações e óbitos. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico e espacial dos casos confirmados de Síndrome Gripal (SG) por COVID-19 no estado do Pará. Método: Estudo descritivo e ecológico, referente aos casos de COVID-19 notificados no E-SUS VE. A partir das variáveis do perfil epidemiológico, distribuição espacial e tendência temporal da doença. Resultados: A distribuição espacial mostrou que a concentração dos casos localiza-se nos municípios do Sul do estado. Nas viariáveis do perfil: sexo feminino (53,16%), faixa etária (61,14%) 30 e 59 anos, doenças cardíacas crônicas representou (41,99%), diabetes (31,22%) e (16,30%) doenças respiratórias crônicas Profissionais da saúde infectados (8%). Características clínicas: febre (71,99%),tosse (64,57%) e dor de garganta (46,78%). Critério de confirmação: teste rápido- anticorpo (84.39%), teste rápido antígeno (7.61%) e RT-PCR (7.48%). Na tendência temporal da doença evidenciou-se o pico de casos na 20º semana epidemiológica. Conclusão: A maioria mulheres, doenças cardíacas e diabetes mais evidentes, confirmados a maioria por teste rápido e sintomatologia clássica da SG. Observou-se o achatamento da curva após a 21º semana, possivelmente, por conta da intervenção lockdown. Entretanto mostrou-se a alta de casos na data de 07/07/2020 em diversas regiões, especificamente em municípios da região sul do estado

Educar para empoderar: o uso de tecnologias educativas para o controle e prevenção de infecção hospitalar / Educating to empower: the use of educational technologies for hospital infection control and prevention

Objetivo: Avaliar a utilização de tecnologias educativas na prevenção e controle de infecções hospitalares em um centro de terapia intensiva (CTI) de um Hospital Público de Ensino de Belém do Pará. Método: estudo de intervenção, realizado com profissionais da saúde do CTI, por meio de atividades de educação em serviço com auxílio de tecnologias educativas, tais como cartilhas e cartazes. Resultados: o uso das tecnologias educativas possibilitou a aprendizagem de novas regras e melhoria no conhecimento pré-existente dos participantes, também garantiu empoderamento nas ações e tomadas de decisões, quanto a prevenção e controle das infecções. Portanto, pode-se sugerir a eficácia da tecnologia educativa ao processo de aprendizagem, visto que, houve um maior segmento de regras previstas nas cartilhas e cartazes educativos e, consequentemente, redução das taxas de infecção no setor investigado. Além disso, os participantes consideraram positivo o uso desse tipo de tecnologia, principalmente, aquelas relacionadas à higienização das mãos. Conclusão: As tecnologias educativas utilizadas apresentaram um resultado eficaz no processo de aprendizagem dos profissionais de saúde, relacionando-se com a futura redução das taxas de controle de infecções do hospital estudado. Contudo, futuras investigações podem verificar o efeito temporal dessas medidas, além de testarem novas tecnologias educacionais