Power-to-Methane: A state-of-the-art review

Power-to-Methane is a concept that converts electrical into chemical energy using CO2 and H2O. The concept brings the possibility of connecting the power grid to different sectors, where CH4 is needed such as mobility and industry. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art of Power-to-Methane is presented. The Power-to-Methane process chain is described in detail. Fundamentals of water electrolysis are highlighted and cell technologies are discussed and assessed. CO2 sources are pointed out, CO2 separation technologies are depicted and compared, and some separation projects worldwide are listed. Thermodynamics of methanation process is analyzed; catalysts and reactors used are descripted and evaluated. Finally, Power-toMethane plants in operation and construction are addressed

Sustainable Services to Enhance Flexibility in the Upcoming Smart Grids

Global efforts are already focusing on future targets for even more increases in renewable energy sources contribution, greater efficiency improvements and further greenhouse gas emission reductions. With the fast-paced changing technologies in the context of sustainable development, new approaches and concepts are needed to cope with the variability and uncertainty affecting generation, transmission and load demand. The main challenge remains in developing technologies that can efficiently make use of the available renewable resources. Alternatives in the form of microgrids or virtual power plants along with electricity storage are potential candidates for enhancing flexibility. However, intelligence must be added at all levels in the grid and among all the equipment comprising each subsystem, in order to achieve two-way communications and bidirectional flow of power. Then, the concept of smart grid can be realized and, relying upon software systems, it can remotely and automatically dispatch and optimize generation or storage resources in a single, secure and Web-connected way. Deploying smart configurations and metering promises new possibilities for self-managed energy consumption, improved energy efficiency among final consumers and transition to more consumer-centric energy systems via demand response and demand-side management mechanisms