Entre el trabajo y el juego: perspectivas sobre la infancia en el suroeste norteamericano

Some indications of the work roles, learning frameworks, and play activities that may have been assumed by pre- Hispanic Southwestern groups have been gleaned from extant archaeological data, although the picture is far from complete and is still somewhat speculative. Possible work for children included caring for younger children, participating in agricultural activities, grinding corn and doing other household tasks, and craft manufacture. Details about children’s involvement in ceramic manufacture are particularly instructive. The available evidence provides a good demonstration of the interactions between work, play, and learning. It appears that during relatively peaceful times, when the Sinagua lived in small dispersed communities, children began experimenting with clay and learning basic ceramics by making clay figurines and miniature ceramic bowls, jars, and ladles that would have been used as playthings. This early exposure to the properties of clay, although perhaps not in itself of practical import, might well have ultimately allowed children to become productive ceramicists at an early age. Later, during less peaceful times when the Sinagua generally resided in larger defensible communities, Sinagua children changed their play and work patterns and the small clay figurines and miniature vessels disappear from Sinagua sites.Algunas afirmanciones acerca del papel del trabajo, las estructuras de aprendizaje y los juegos en los grupos del suroeste prehispánico de Norteamérica proceden de los datos arqueológicos existentes, aunque el escenario está lejos de estar completo y es aún bastante especulativo. Los posibles trabajos de los niños incluirían el cuidado de niños más pequeños, la participación en trabajos agrícolas, la molienda del maíz y la colaboración en otras actividades domésticas y en las artesanías. Resultan especialmente interesantes los detalles sobre la implicación de los niños en la manufactura cerámica. Los datos proporcionan una valiosa información sobre la interacción entre el trabajo, el juego y el aprendizaje. Durante los períodos relativamente pacíficos, cuando los Sinagua vivían en pequeñas comunidades dispersas, los infantiles empezaban a experimentar con la arcilla y a aprender los elementos básicos de la cerámica realizando figurillas y miniaturas de cuencos, jarras y cazos cerámicos que pudieron ser utilizados como juguetes. Este conocimiento podría haberles llevado finalmente a convertirse en productores cerámicos a muy temprana edad. Más tarde, cuando los Sinagua se movieron a asentamientos más grandes y protegidos, los pequeños Sinagua cambiaron sus patrones de juego y actividad, y figurillas de arcilla y vasos cerámicos desaparecieron de los asentamientos

Patient engagement in designing, conducting, and disseminating clinical pain research: IMMPACT recommended considerations

In the traditional clinical research model, patients are typically involved only as participants. However, there has been a shift in recent years highlighting the value and contributions that patients bring as members of the research team, across the clinical research lifecycle. It is becoming increasingly evident that to develop research that is both meaningful to people who have the targeted condition and is feasible, there are important benefits of involving patients in the planning, conduct, and dissemination of research from its earliest stages. In fact, research funders and regulatory agencies are now explicitly encouraging, and sometimes requiring, that patients are engaged as partners in research. Although this approach has become commonplace in some fields of clinical research, it remains the exception in clinical pain research. As such, the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials convened a meeting with patient partners and international representatives from academia, patient advocacy groups, government regulatory agencies, research funding organizations, academic journals, and the biopharmaceutical industry to develop consensus recommendations for advancing patient engagement in all stages of clinical pain research in an effective and purposeful manner. This article summarizes the results of this meeting and offers considerations for meaningful and authentic engagement of patient partners in clinical pain research, including recommendations for representation, timing, continuous engagement, measurement, reporting, and research dissemination

Patient engagement in designing, conducting, and disseminating clinical pain research : IMMPACT recommended considerations

The consensus recommendations are based on the views of IMMPACT meeting participants and do not necessarily represent the views of the organizations with which the authors are affiliated. The following individuals made important contributions to the IMMPACT meeting but were not able to participate in the preparation of this article: David Atkins, MD (Department of Veterans Affairs), Rebecca Baker, PhD (National Institutes of Health), Allan Basbaum, PhD (University of California San Francisco), Robyn Bent, RN, MS (Food and Drug Administration), Nathalie Bere, MPH (European Medicines Agency), Alysha Croker, PhD (Health Canada), Stephen Bruehl, PhD (Vanderbilt University), Michael Cobas Meyer, MD, MBS (Eli Lilly), Scott Evans, PhD (George Washington University), Gail Graham (University of Maryland), Jennifer Haythornthwaite, PhD (Johns Hopkins University), Sharon Hertz, MD (Hertz and Fields Consulting), Jonathan Jackson, PhD (Harvard Medical School), Mark Jensen, PhD (University of Washington), Francis Keefe, PhD (Duke University), Karim Khan, MD, PhD, MBA (Canadian Institutes of Health Research), Lynn Laidlaw (University of Aberdeen), Steven Lane (Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute), Karen Morales, BS (University of Maryland), David Leventhal, MBA (Pfizer), Jeremy Taylor, OBE (National Institute for Health Research), and Lena Sun, MD (Columbia University). The manuscript has not been submitted, presented, or published elsewhere. Parts of the manuscript have been presented in a topical workshop at IASP World Congress on Pain in Toronto, in 2022.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The Marine Microbial Eukaryote Transcriptome Sequencing Project (MMETSP): illuminating the functional diversity of eukaryotic life in the oceans through transcriptome sequencing

International audienceCurrent sampling of genomic sequence data from eukaryotes is relatively poor, biased, and inadequate to address important questions about their biology, evolution, and ecology; this Community Page describes a resource of 700 transcriptomes from marine microbial eukaryotes to help understand their role in the world's oceans

ARCHITECTURAL INDICES OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABILITY: AN ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL CASE STUDY FROM SYRIA.

If archaeologists are to discern social facts from the material remains of extinct societies, they must develop explicit methodologies for relating material culture to social behavior. Ethnoarchaeological research is one means of generating and testing such analytic principles. The Syrian village of Darnaj in the context of comparative materials from elsewhere in Western Asia is used as a case study for examining the relationships between domestic architecture and three socioeconomic household attributes: household size, number of coresiding conjugal family units, and household wealth. To allow an assessment of the relative effectiveness of architecture for predicting socioeconomic variability, data on some household belongings were collected and analyzed as well. In all cases, domestic architecture proves at least as accurate as movable possessions for predicting the socioeconomic attributes tested. In Darnaj the total area of rooms designed for people is the best indicator of household size. The number of sitting and goods storage rooms and the presence of redundant dowry sets are the most accurate predictors of the number of co-residing conjugal family units, and wealth is most highly correlated with total compound area. These and other compound features are discussed and probable reasons for the association or lack of association of each attribute with the socioeconomic characteristics are presented. In conclusion, some statements about (1) the nature of the rules relating domestic architecture to household socioeconomic characteristics, (2) ways that domestic architecture can be used to discern socioeconomic variability in the archaeological record, and (3) means of excavating, recording, and publishing architectural data to maximize its utility as a socioeconomic indicator are offered