Extended Thromboprophylaxis with Betrixaban in Acutely Ill Medical Patients

Background Patients with acute medical illnesses are at prolonged risk for venous thrombosis. However, the appropriate duration of thromboprophylaxis remains unknown. Methods Patients who were hospitalized for acute medical illnesses were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous enoxaparin (at a dose of 40 mg once daily) for 10±4 days plus oral betrixaban placebo for 35 to 42 days or subcutaneous enoxaparin placebo for 10±4 days plus oral betrixaban (at a dose of 80 mg once daily) for 35 to 42 days. We performed sequential analyses in three prespecified, progressively inclusive cohorts: patients with an elevated d-dimer level (cohort 1), patients with an elevated d-dimer level or an age of at least 75 years (cohort 2), and all the enrolled patients (overall population cohort). The statistical analysis plan specified that if the between-group difference in any analysis in this sequence was not significant, the other analyses would be considered exploratory. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of asymptomatic proximal deep-vein thrombosis and symptomatic venous thromboembolism. The principal safety outcome was major bleeding. Results A total of 7513 patients underwent randomization. In cohort 1, the primary efficacy outcome occurred in 6.9% of patients receiving betrixaban and 8.5% receiving enoxaparin (relative risk in the betrixaban group, 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65 to 1.00; P=0.054). The rates were 5.6% and 7.1%, respectively (relative risk, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.98; P=0.03) in cohort 2 and 5.3% and 7.0% (relative risk, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.92; P=0.006) in the overall population. (The last two analyses were considered to be exploratory owing to the result in cohort 1.) In the overall population, major bleeding occurred in 0.7% of the betrixaban group and 0.6% of the enoxaparin group (relative risk, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.67 to 2.12; P=0.55). Conclusions Among acutely ill medical patients with an elevated d-dimer level, there was no significant difference between extended-duration betrixaban and a standard regimen of enoxaparin in the prespecified primary efficacy outcome. However, prespecified exploratory analyses provided evidence suggesting a benefit for betrixaban in the two larger cohorts. (Funded by Portola Pharmaceuticals; APEX ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01583218. opens in new tab.

Primary stroke prevention worldwide : translating evidence into action

Funding Information: The stroke services survey reported in this publication was partly supported by World Stroke Organization and Auckland University of Technology. VLF was partly supported by the grants received from the Health Research Council of New Zealand. MOO was supported by the US National Institutes of Health (SIREN U54 HG007479) under the H3Africa initiative and SIBS Genomics (R01NS107900, R01NS107900-02S1, R01NS115944-01, 3U24HG009780-03S5, and 1R01NS114045-01), Sub-Saharan Africa Conference on Stroke Conference (1R13NS115395-01A1), and Training Africans to Lead and Execute Neurological Trials & Studies (D43TW012030). AGT was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. SLG was supported by a National Heart Foundation of Australia Future Leader Fellowship and an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council synergy grant. We thank Anita Arsovska (University Clinic of Neurology, Skopje, North Macedonia), Manoj Bohara (HAMS Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal), Denis ?erimagi? (Poliklinika Glavi?, Dubrovnik, Croatia), Manuel Correia (Hospital de Santo Ant?nio, Porto, Portugal), Daissy Liliana Mora Cuervo (Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil), Anna Cz?onkowska (Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland), Gloria Ekeng (Stroke Care International, Dartford, UK), Jo?o Sargento-Freitas (Centro Hospitalar e Universit?rio de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal), Yuriy Flomin (MC Universal Clinic Oberig, Kyiv, Ukraine), Mehari Gebreyohanns (UT Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA), Ivete Pillo Gon?alves (Hospital S?o Jos? do Avai, Itaperuna, Brazil), Claiborne Johnston (Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA), Kristaps Jurj?ns (P Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia), Rizwan Kalani (University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA), Grzegorz Kozera (Medical University of Gda?sk, Gda?sk, Poland), Kursad Kutluk (Dokuz Eylul University, ?zmir, Turkey), Branko Malojcic (University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia), Micha? Maluchnik (Ministry of Health, Warsaw, Poland), Evija Migl?ne (P Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia), Cassandra Ocampo (University of Botswana, Princess Marina Hospital, Botswana), Louise Shaw (Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK), Lekhjung Thapa (Upendra Devkota Memorial-National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal), Bogdan Wojtyniak (National Institute of Public Health, Warsaw, Poland), Jie Yang (First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China), and Tomasz Zdrojewski (Medical University of Gda?sk, Gda?sk, Poland) for their comments on early draft of the manuscript. The views expressed in this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and they do not necessarily reflect the views, decisions, or policies of the institution with which they are affiliated. We thank WSO for funding. The funder had no role in the design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of the study results, writing of the report, or the decision to submit the study results for publication. Funding Information: The stroke services survey reported in this publication was partly supported by World Stroke Organization and Auckland University of Technology. VLF was partly supported by the grants received from the Health Research Council of New Zealand. MOO was supported by the US National Institutes of Health (SIREN U54 HG007479) under the H3Africa initiative and SIBS Genomics (R01NS107900, R01NS107900-02S1, R01NS115944-01, 3U24HG009780-03S5, and 1R01NS114045-01), Sub-Saharan Africa Conference on Stroke Conference (1R13NS115395-01A1), and Training Africans to Lead and Execute Neurological Trials & Studies (D43TW012030). AGT was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. SLG was supported by a National Heart Foundation of Australia Future Leader Fellowship and an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council synergy grant. We thank Anita Arsovska (University Clinic of Neurology, Skopje, North Macedonia), Manoj Bohara (HAMS Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal), Denis Čerimagić (Poliklinika Glavić, Dubrovnik, Croatia), Manuel Correia (Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal), Daissy Liliana Mora Cuervo (Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil), Anna Członkowska (Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland), Gloria Ekeng (Stroke Care International, Dartford, UK), João Sargento-Freitas (Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal), Yuriy Flomin (MC Universal Clinic Oberig, Kyiv, Ukraine), Mehari Gebreyohanns (UT Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA), Ivete Pillo Gonçalves (Hospital São José do Avai, Itaperuna, Brazil), Claiborne Johnston (Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA), Kristaps Jurjāns (P Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia), Rizwan Kalani (University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA), Grzegorz Kozera (Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland), Kursad Kutluk (Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey), Branko Malojcic (University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia), Michał Maluchnik (Ministry of Health, Warsaw, Poland), Evija Miglāne (P Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia), Cassandra Ocampo (University of Botswana, Princess Marina Hospital, Botswana), Louise Shaw (Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK), Lekhjung Thapa (Upendra Devkota Memorial-National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal), Bogdan Wojtyniak (National Institute of Public Health, Warsaw, Poland), Jie Yang (First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China), and Tomasz Zdrojewski (Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland) for their comments on early draft of the manuscript. The views expressed in this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and they do not necessarily reflect the views, decisions, or policies of the institution with which they are affiliated. We thank WSO for funding. The funder had no role in the design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of the study results, writing of the report, or the decision to submit the study results for publication. Funding Information: VLF declares that the PreventS web app and Stroke Riskometer app are owned and copyrighted by Auckland University of Technology; has received grants from the Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence (16/STH/36), Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC; APP1182071), and World Stroke Organization (WSO); is an executive committee member of WSO, honorary medical director of Stroke Central New Zealand, and CEO of New Zealand Stroke Education charitable Trust. AGT declares funding from NHMRC (GNT1042600, GNT1122455, GNT1171966, GNT1143155, and GNT1182017), Stroke Foundation Australia (SG1807), and Heart Foundation Australia (VG102282); and board membership of the Stroke Foundation (Australia). SLG is funded by the National Health Foundation of Australia (Future Leader Fellowship 102061) and NHMRC (GNT1182071, GNT1143155, and GNT1128373). RM is supported by the Implementation Research Network in Stroke Care Quality of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (project CA18118) and by the IRIS-TEPUS project from the inter-excellence inter-cost programme of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (project LTC20051). BN declares receiving fees for data management committee work for SOCRATES and THALES trials for AstraZeneca and fees for data management committee work for NAVIGATE-ESUS trial from Bayer. All other authors declare no competing interests. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseStroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability worldwide and its burden is increasing rapidly in low-income and middle-income countries, many of which are unable to face the challenges it imposes. In this Health Policy paper on primary stroke prevention, we provide an overview of the current situation regarding primary prevention services, estimate the cost of stroke and stroke prevention, and identify deficiencies in existing guidelines and gaps in primary prevention. We also offer a set of pragmatic solutions for implementation of primary stroke prevention, with an emphasis on the role of governments and population-wide strategies, including task-shifting and sharing and health system re-engineering. Implementation of primary stroke prevention involves patients, health professionals, funders, policy makers, implementation partners, and the entire population along the life course.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Sex- and age-related differences in the management and outcomes of chronic heart failure: an analysis of patients from the ESC HFA EORP Heart Failure Long-Term Registry

Aims: This study aimed to assess age- and sex-related differences in management and 1-year risk for all-cause mortality and hospitalization in chronic heart failure (HF) patients. Methods and results: Of 16 354 patients included in the European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term Registry, 9428 chronic HF patients were analysed [median age: 66 years; 28.5% women; mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 37%]. Rates of use of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) were high (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: 85.7%, 88.7% and 58.8%, respectively). Crude GDMT utilization rates were lower in women than in men (all differences: P\ua0 64 0.001), and GDMT use became lower with ageing in both sexes, at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Sex was not an independent predictor of GDMT prescription; however, age >75 years was a significant predictor of GDMT underutilization. Rates of all-cause mortality were lower in women than in men (7.1% vs. 8.7%; P\ua0=\ua00.015), as were rates of all-cause hospitalization (21.9% vs. 27.3%; P\ua075 years. Conclusions: There was a decline in GDMT use with advanced age in both sexes. Sex was not an independent predictor of GDMT or adverse outcomes. However, age >75 years independently predicted lower GDMT use and higher all-cause mortality in patients with LVEF 6445%

Statistical model for Plum pox virus prediction in Prunus nursery blocks using vector and virus incidence data in four different European ecological areas

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: [FULL CITE], which has been published in final form at [Link to final article using the DOI]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] Plum pox virus(PPV) is the causal agent of sharka, the most devastating virus disease ofPrunusspecies. PPV is transmitted by vegetative propagation, particularly by grafting, as well as by aphid species in a nonpersistent manner. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of PPV-vector aphid species in representative European areas of prunus cultivation. Four experimental nursery plots were established in Skierniewice (Poland), Liria (Spain), Plovdiv (Bulgaria) and Bistrita (Romania). Aphid population was weekly monitored using the sticky shoot method in spring and/or autumn in each nursery plot. Furthermore, we estimated the relative efficiency factor for the main PPV-vector aphid species using bibliographic and reference data. Aphid diversity in each nursery plot was assessed using the Shannon index and the number of estimated aphid species was calculated by the rarefaction method. The highest diversity of aphid species population was reported in Plovdiv in spring while the lowest diversity was found in Liria in spring. A cluster analysis based on Morisita-Horn similarity index was performed to study the differences in species composition between the four nursery plots and seasons. Aphid population was clearly grouped by location and season. Results showedAphis spiraecolaandHyalopterus prunicomplex were typically spring aphid species, whileAnoecia corniandRhopalosiphum padidominated autumn catch. Regarding PPV-vector aphid species present in nursery plots,A. spiraecolawas the most prevalent PPV-vector aphid species in Liria and in Bistrita, showing a high relative efficiency factor of PPV transmission (0.91). Consequently,A. spiraecolashould be considered a key actor in the spread of PPV in these regions.Hyalopterus prunicomplex was the most prevalent PPV-vector aphid species in Skierniewice and Plovdiv, showing a very low relative efficiency factor of PPV transmission (0.09). Therefore, the role ofH. prunicomplex in spread of PPV in these regions can be considered negligible. Furthermore, we statistically demonstrated that the presence of specific PPV-vector aphid species is associated with the spread of the disease, whereas the biodiversity of aphid species population does not affect the spread of PPV. Finally, the advantages of the use of vector pressure index in the management of sharka disease are discussed.The research leading to these results were funded by the EU Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), SharCo project grant no. 204429 and by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education (MEC, AGL2009-07531 and INIA RTA2005-00190). Authors thank I. Baias, S. Sabin (SCDP, Bistrita), B. Tamargo and J. Micó (Cooperativa Vinícola, Líria) for technical assistance in the experimental plots, Viveros Orero and Agromillora Iberia for providing the certified rootstock plants. E. Vidal was recipient of a grant from the Spanish Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA).Vidal, E.; Zagrai, LA.; Malinowski, T.; Soika, G.; Warabieda, W.; Tasheva-Terzieva, E.; Milusheva, S.... (2020). Statistical model for Plum pox virus prediction in Prunus nursery blocks using vector and virus incidence data in four different European ecological areas. Annals of Applied Biology. 177(3):308-324. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12617S3083241773Avinent, L., Hermoso de Mendoza, A., & Llácer, G. (1991). Comparison of traps for capture of alate aphids (Homoptera, Aphidinea) in apricot tree orchards. Agronomie, 11(7), 613-618. doi:10.1051/agro:19910709Barba, M., Hadidi, A., Candresse, T., & Cambra, M. (2011). CHAPTER 36: Plum pox virus. Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Pome and Stone Fruits, 185-197. doi:10.1094/9780890545010.036Blackman, R. L., & Eastop, V. F. (2007). Taxonomic issues. Aphids as crop pests, 1-29. doi:10.1079/9780851998190.0001BROADBENT, L., & TINSLEY, T. W. (1951). EXPERIMENTS ON THE COLONIZATION OF POTATO PLANTS BY APTEROUS AND BY ALATE APHIDS IN RELATION TO THE SPREAD OF VIRUS DISEASES. Annals of Applied Biology, 38(2), 411-424. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1951.tb07816.xCambra, M., Capote, N., Cambra, M. A., Llácer, G., Botella, P., & López-Quílez, A. (2006). Epidemiology of sharka disease in Spain. EPPO Bulletin, 36(2), 271-275. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.2006.00986.xCambra, M., Gorris, M. T., Capote, N., Asensio, M., Martínez, M. C., Bertolini, E., … López, A. (2004). EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PLUM POX VIRUS IN JAPANESE PLUMS IN SPAIN. Acta Horticulturae, (657), 195-200. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2004.657.27Cambra, M., & Vidal, E. (2017). Sharka, a vector-borne disease caused by Plum pox virus: vector species, transmission mechanism, epidemiology and mitigation strategies to reduce its natural spread. Acta Horticulturae, (1163), 57-68. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2017.1163.10Capote, N., Gorris, M. T., Martínez, M. C., Asensio, M., Olmos, A., & Cambra, M. (2006). Interference Between D and M Types of Plum pox virus in Japanese Plum Assessed by Specific Monoclonal Antibodies and Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction. Phytopathology®, 96(3), 320-325. doi:10.1094/phyto-96-0320Capote, N., Pérez-Panadés, J., Monzó, C., Carbonell, E., Urbaneja, A., Scorza, R., … Cambra, M. (2007). Assessment of the diversity and dynamics of Plum pox virus and aphid populations in transgenic European plums under Mediterranean conditions. Transgenic Research, 17(3), 367-377. doi:10.1007/s11248-007-9112-0Chao, A., & Shen, T.-J. (2003). Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 10(4), 429-443. doi:10.1023/a:1026096204727Chirkov, S., Ivanov, P., Sheveleva, A., Zakubanskiy, A., & Osipov, G. (2017). New highly divergent Plum pox virus isolates infecting sour cherry in Russia. Virology, 502, 56-62. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2016.12.016Colwell, R. K. (2009). III.1 Biodiversity: Concepts, Patterns, and Measurement. The Princeton Guide to Ecology, 257-263. doi:10.1515/9781400833023.257Dallot, S., Gottwald, T., Labonne, G., & Quiot, J.-B. (2003). Spatial Pattern Analysis of Sharka Disease (Plum pox virus Strain M) in Peach Orchards of Southern France. Phytopathology®, 93(12), 1543-1552. doi:10.1094/phyto.2003.93.12.1543Dallot, S., Labonne, G., Boeglin, M., Quiot-Douine, L., Quiot, J. B., & Candresse, T. (1998). PECULIAR PLUM POX POTYVIRUS D-POPULATIONS ARE EPIDEMIC IN PEACH TREES. Acta Horticulturae, (472), 355-366. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1998.472.41Bokx, J. A., & Piron, P. G. M. (1990). Relative efficiency of a number of aphid species in the transmission of potato virus YN in the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 96(4), 237-246. doi:10.1007/bf01974261DIXON, A. F. G. (1971). The life-cycle and host preferences of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L., and their bearing on the theories of host alternation in aphids. Annals of Applied Biology, 68(2), 135-147. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1971.tb06450.xDixon, A. F. G. (1973). Metabolic acclimatization to seasonal changes in temperature in the sycamore aphid, Drepanosiphum platanoides (Schr.), and lime aphid, Eucallipterus tiliae L. Oecologia, 13(3), 205-210. doi:10.1007/bf00360511Dixon, A. F. G., & Hopkins, G. W. (2010). Temperature, Seasonal Development and Distribution of Insects with Particular Reference to Aphids. Aphid Biodiversity under Environmental Change, 129-147. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-8601-3_8Garcêz, R. M., Chaves, A. L. R., Eiras, M., Meletti, L. M. M., de Azevedo Filho, J. A., da Silva, L. A., & Colariccio, A. (2015). Survey of aphid population in a yellow passion fruit crop and its relationship on the spread Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus in a subtropical region of Brazil. SpringerPlus, 4(1). doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1263-5García, J. A., Glasa, M., Cambra, M., & Candresse, T. (2014). Plum pox virusand sharka: a model potyvirus and a major disease. Molecular Plant Pathology, 15(3), 226-241. doi:10.1111/mpp.12083Gildow, F., Damsteegt, V., Stone, A., Schneider, W., Luster, D., & Levy, L. (2004). Plum Pox in North America: Identification of Aphid Vectors and a Potential Role for Fruit in Virus Spread. Phytopathology®, 94(8), 868-874. doi:10.1094/phyto.2004.94.8.868Hurlbert, S. H. (1971). The Nonconcept of Species Diversity: A Critique and Alternative Parameters. Ecology, 52(4), 577-586. doi:10.2307/1934145Jevremović, D., Paunović, S. A., & Petrović-Obradović, O. (2016). Flight dynamics and species composition of aphids landing on plum and apricot leaves in the orchards in Western Serbia. Phytoparasitica, 44(4), 501-511. doi:10.1007/s12600-016-0544-zKaya, K., Gazel, M., Serçe, Ç. U., Elçi, E., Cengiz, F. C., Cambra, M., & Çağlayan, K. (2014). Potential vectors of Plum pox virus in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Entomologia Generalis, 35(2), 137-150. doi:10.1127/0171-8177/2014/0019Kimura, K., Usugi, T., Hoshi, H., Kato, A., Ono, T., Koyano, S., … Tsuda, S. (2016). Surveys of Viruliferous Alate Aphid of Plum pox virus in Prunus mume Orchards in Japan. Plant Disease, 100(1), 40-48. doi:10.1094/pdis-05-15-0540-reKindlmann, P., Jarošík, V., & Dixon, A. F. G. (2007). Population dynamics. Aphids as crop pests, 311-329. doi:10.1079/9780851998190.0311Kirchner, S. M., Döring, T. F., Hiltunen, L. H., Virtanen, E., & Valkonen, J. P. T. (2011). Information-theory-based model selection for determining the main vector and period of transmission of Potato virus Y. Annals of Applied Biology, 159(3), 414-427. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2011.00501.xKottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., & Rubel, F. (2006). World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 15(3), 259-263. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130Labonne, G., Yvon, M., Quiot, J. B., Avinent, L., & Llacer, G. (1995). APHIDS AS POTENTIAL VECTORS OF PLUM POX VIRUS: COMPARISON OF METHODS OF TESTING AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES. Acta Horticulturae, (386), 207-218. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1995.386.27Leslie, T. W., van der Werf, W., Bianchi, F. J. J. A., & Honěk, A. (2009). Population dynamics of cereal aphids: influence of a shared predator and weather. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 11(1), 73-82. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2008.00405.xLevy, L., Damsteegt, V., Scorza, R., & Kolber, M. (2000). Plum Pox Potyvirus Disease of Stone Fruits. APSnet Feature Articles. doi:10.1094/apsnetfeature-2000-0300Lowery, D. T., Vickers, P. M., Bittner, L. A., Stobbs, L. W., & Foottit, R. G. (2015). Aphid Transmission of the Ontario Isolate of Plum Pox Virus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 108(5), 2168-2173. doi:10.1093/jee/tov172Manachini, B., Casati, P., Aliverti, I., & Cinanni, L. (2004). Transmission of PPV-M to Prunus persica by Brachycaudus schwartzi and Phorodon humuli (Hem., Aphididae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 128(9-10), 677-680. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2004.00908.xManachini, B., Casati, P., Cinanni, L., & Bianco, P. (2007). Role of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Its Secondary Hosts in Plum Pox Virus Propagation. Journal of Economic Entomology, 100(4), 1047-1052. doi:10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[1047:rompha]2.0.co;2Marroquı́n, C., Olmos, A., Teresa Gorris, M., Bertolini, E., Carmen Martı́nez, M., Carbonell, E. A., … Cambra, M. (2004). Estimation of the number of aphids carrying Citrus tristeza virus that visit adult citrus trees. Virus Research, 100(1), 101-108. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2003.12.018Moreno, A., Bertolini, E., Olmos, A., Cambra, M., & Fereres, A. (2007). Estimation of vector propensity for Lettuce mosaic virus based on viral detection in single aphids. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(3), 376. doi:10.5424/sjar/2007053-5343Moreno, A., Fereres, A., & Cambra, M. (2009). Quantitative estimation of plum pox virus targets acquired and transmitted by a single Myzus persicae. Archives of Virology, 154(9), 1391-1399. doi:10.1007/s00705-009-0450-5Ng, J. C. K., & Falk, B. W. (2006). Virus-Vector Interactions Mediating Nonpersistent and Semipersistent Transmission of Plant Viruses. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 44(1), 183-212. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.44.070505.143325Olmos, A., Cambra, M., Dasi, M. A., Candresse, T., Esteban, O., Gorris, M. T., & Asensio, M. (1997). Simultaneous detection and typing of plum pox potyvirus (PPV) isolates by heminested-PCR and PCR-ELISA. Journal of Virological Methods, 68(2), 127-137. doi:10.1016/s0166-0934(97)00120-1Perez, P., Collar, J. L., Avilla, C., Duque, M., & Fereres, A. (1995). Estimation of Vector Propensity of Potato Virus Y in Open-Field Pepper Crops of Central Spain. Journal of Economic Entomology, 88(4), 986-991. doi:10.1093/jee/88.4.986RACCAH, B., GAL-ON, A., & EASTOP, V. F. (1985). The role of flying aphid vectors in the transmission of cucumber mosaic virus and potato virus Y to peppers in Israel. Annals of Applied Biology, 106(3), 451-460. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1985.tb03135.xRimbaud, L., Dallot, S., Gottwald, T., Decroocq, V., Jacquot, E., Soubeyrand, S., & Thébaud, G. (2015). Sharka Epidemiology and Worldwide Management Strategies: Learning Lessons to Optimize Disease Control in Perennial Plants. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 53(1), 357-378. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120140SCHOLTHOF, K.-B. G., ADKINS, S., CZOSNEK, H., PALUKAITIS, P., JACQUOT, E., HOHN, T., … FOSTER, G. D. (2011). Top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology, 12(9), 938-954. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00752.xSequeira, R., & Dixon, A. F. G. (1997). POPULATION DYNAMICS OF TREE-DWELLING APHIDS:THE IMPORTANCE OF SEASONALITY AND TIME SCALE. Ecology, 78(8), 2603-2610. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[2603:pdotda]2.0.co;2Smith, W., & Grassle, J. F. (1977). Sampling Properties of a Family of Diversity Measures. Biometrics, 33(2), 283. doi:10.2307/2529778Strażyński, P., & Ruszkowska, M. (2015). The life cycle functional response of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) to higher temperature: territorial expansion of permanent parthenogenetic development as a result of warmer weather conditions. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 55(2), 162-165. doi:10.1515/jppr-2015-0021Van Dyke, F. (2008). Conservation Biology. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6891-1Van Harten, A. (1983). The relation between aphid flights and the spread of potato virus YN (PVYN) in the Netherlands. Potato Research, 26(1), 1-15. doi:10.1007/bf02357369Verbeek, M., Piron, P. G. M., Dullemans, A. M., Cuperus, C., & Van Der Vlugt, R. A. A. (2010). Determination of aphid transmission efficiencies for N, NTN and Wilga strains of Potato virus Y. Annals of Applied Biology, 156(1), 39-49. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2009.00359.xVidal, E., Moreno, A., Bertolini, E., Pérez-Panadés, J., Carbonell, E. A., & Cambra, M. (2010). Susceptibility of Prunus rootstocks to natural infection of Plum pox virus and effect of mineral oil treatments. Annals of Applied Biology, 157(3), 447-457. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2010.00436.xVidal, E., Zagrai, L., Milusheva, S., Bozhkova, V., Tasheva-Terzieva, E., Kamenova, I., … Cambra, M. (2013). Horticultural mineral oil treatments in nurseries during aphid flights reducePlum pox virusincidence under different ecological conditions. Annals of Applied Biology, 162(3), 299-308. doi:10.1111/aab.12022Wallis, C. M., Fleischer, S. J., Luster, D., & Gildow, F. E. (2005). Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Species Composition and Potential Aphid Vectors of Plum Pox Virus in Pennsylvania Peach Orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology, 98(5), 1441-1450. doi:10.1093/jee/98.5.1441Whittaker, R. H. (1960). Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs, 30(3), 279-338. doi:10.2307/1943563Wolda, H. (1981). Similarity indices, sample size and diversity. Oecologia, 50(3), 296-302. doi:10.1007/bf0034496