Personalplanung

"Der Aufsatz gibt einen gedrängten Überblick über Begriff, Arten, Sinn und Möglichkeiten der Personalplanung. Es wurde versucht, Ansätze der konkreten Behandlung dieses Themas in der sehr umfangreichen Literatur zusammenzufassen, ohne aber in Art einer Literaturexpertise zu referieren. Es wird ein Abriß der Methoden und weiterführender Überlegung zum Personalbedarf, sowohl der quantitativen als auch der qualitativen Art, gegeben. Entsprechend dem unterschiedlich entwickelten Stand der durchwegs aber noch wenig ausgereiften methodischen Ansätze der Personalplanung werden notwendige Präzisierungen von Bedarfsangaben, rechtliche Grundlagen, Methoden (wie Trendextrapolation und -analogie, Modellbildung und Netzplantechnik) und Hilfsmittel (eine Liste mit 15 Punkten, beginnend mit Klassifikationen bis zu Substitutionstabellen) der Personalplanung vorgestellt. Die Möglichkeiten der Substitution und Flexibilität, sowohl der Arbeitskräfte auf der einen Seite als auch der Betriebe auf der anderen, ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil in der Personalplanung und wird darin verstärkt zu berücksichtigen sein. Der Bericht entstand als Ergebnis einer Vorstudie, bei der die Möglichkeiten der Personalplanung für eine rationale Arbeitsmarktanalyse und Arbeitskräftebedarfsforschung zu prüfen waren." (Autorenreferat)Personalplanung - Methode, Personalbedarf

Conversational Question Answering over Passages by Leveraging Word Proximity Networks

Question answering (QA) over text passages is a problem of long-standing interest in information retrieval. Recently, the conversational setting has attracted attention, where a user asks a sequence of questions to satisfy her information needs around a topic. While this setup is a natural one and similar to humans conversing with each other, it introduces two key research challenges: understanding the context left implicit by the user in follow-up questions, and dealing with ad hoc question formulations. In this work, we demonstrate CROWN (Conversational passage ranking by Reasoning Over Word Networks): an unsupervised yet effective system for conversational QA with passage responses, that supports several modes of context propagation over multiple turns. To this end, CROWN first builds a word proximity network (WPN) from large corpora to store statistically significant term co-occurrences. At answering time, passages are ranked by a combination of their similarity to the question, and coherence of query terms within: these factors are measured by reading off node and edge weights from the WPN. CROWN provides an interface that is both intuitive for end-users, and insightful for experts for reconfiguration to individual setups. CROWN was evaluated on TREC CAsT data, where it achieved above-median performance in a pool of neural methods.Comment: SIGIR 2020 Demonstration

CROWN: Conversational Passage Ranking by Reasoning over Word Networks

Information needs around a topic cannot be satisfied in a single turn; users typically ask follow-up questions referring to the same theme and a system must be capable of understanding the conversational context of a request to retrieve correct answers. In this paper, we present our submission to the TREC Conversational Assistance Track 2019, in which such a conversational setting is explored. We propose a simple unsupervised method for conversational passage ranking by formulating the passage score for a query as a combination of similarity and coherence. To be specific, passages are preferred that contain words semantically similar to the words used in the question, and where such words appear close by. We built a word-proximity network (WPN) from a large corpus, where words are nodes and there is an edge between two nodes if they co-occur in the same passages in a statistically significant way, within a context window. Our approach, named CROWN, improved nDCG scores over a provided Indri baseline on the CAsT training data. On the evaluation data for CAsT, our best run submission achieved above-average performance with respect to AP@5 and [email protected]: TREC 2019, 14 page

Probing porosity in metals by electrical conductivity: Nanoscale experiments and multiscale simulations

Motivated by the significant influence of the underlying microstructure on the effective electrical properties of a material system and the desire to monitor defect evolution through non-destructive electrical characterisation, this contribution is concerned with a detailed study of conductivity changes caused by the presence of sub-microscale pores. Reducing the complexity of the material system, geometrically well-defined pore arrays are created by focused ion beam (FIB) milling in Cu thin films and characterised by 4-point probe electrical measurements. The experiment is designed such that it reduces to a (quasi-)one-dimensional electrical problem which is amenable to analytical techniques when invoking a computational homogenisation scheme to approximate the effective electrical properties of a given microstructure. The applicability of the proposed approach is shown in a first step by comparing simulation results for different pore volume fractions and pore shapes against their experimental counterparts. In a second step, a sensitivity analysis of the experimental data is carried out and the usefulness of the proposed modelling approach in interpreting the experimental data is demonstrated. In particular, the findings suggest that the proposed experimental method allows (at best) the determination of pore volume fractions with an accuracy of ±0.5%

Antiplasmodial ealapasamines A-C,'mixed' naphthylisoquinoline dimers from the Central African liana Ancistrocladus ealaensis

Three unusual heterodimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, named ealapasamines A-C (1-3), were isolated from the leaves of the tropical plant Ancistrocladus ealaensis J. Léonard. These 'mixed', constitutionally unsymmetric dimers are the first stereochemically fully assigned cross-coupling products of a 5,8'- and a 7,8'-coupled naphthylisoquinoline linked via C-6' in both naphthalene portions. So far, only two other West and Central Ancistrocladus species were known to produce dimers with a central 6,6″-axis, yet, in contrast to the ealapasamines, usually consisting of two 5,8'-coupled monomers, like e.g., in michellamine B. The new dimers 1-3 contain six elements of chirality, four stereogenic centers and the two outer axes, while the central biaryl axis is configurationally unstable. The elucidation of the complete stereostructures of the ealapasamines was achieved by the interplay of spectroscopic methods including HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR (in particular ROESY measurements), in combination with chemical (oxidative degradation) and chiroptical (electronic circular dichroism) investigations. The ealapasamines A-C display high antiplasmodial activities with excellent half-maximum inhibition concentration values in the low nanomolar range

Prospective Multicenter Randomized Phase III Study of Weekly versus Standard Docetaxel (D2) for First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer

Purpose: Previous phase II studies have indicated a greatly reduced hematotoxicity of docetaxel-based regimens administered on weekly schedules. The present trial was initiated to randomly compare the toxicity and efficacy of weekly docetaxel versus its standard 3-weekly application. Methods: Patients previously untreated with chemotherapy for metastatic disease were recruited. Patients aged >60 years or with a Karnofsky Perfomance Status (KPS) of 60-80% were eligible for the D2 study. Patients were randomized to receive docetaxel either on a 3-weekly {[}75 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks (q3w)] or on a weekly (30 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, and 15; q4w) schedule. Treatment was continued until a maximum of 8 cycles, unacceptable toxicity, or disease progression. All patients received standard corticosteroid prophylaxis. Results: Since statistical significance for the primary endpoint (toxicity) was achieved in the interim analysis, the study was closed according to the study protocol (102 of 162 patients). Compared to the standard arm, leukopenia >= grade 3 was a rare event in the weekly arm of the D2 study (per-patient analysis: 4.2% q1w vs. 51.9% q3w; p < 0.0001). No difference was observed between the 2 schedules regarding the occurrence of anemia or thrombocytopenia. With regard to non-hematological toxicity, there was a higher incidence of skin/nail and hepatological toxicity with the weekly schedule, whereas neurotoxicity was observed more often in the standard arm. The rate of omitted doses was significantly increased in the weekly arm (8.6% q1w vs. 0% q3w). The overall response rate was 22.9% in the weekly arm compared to 42.6% in the standard arm (p = 0.039). Time to progression was 5.4 (q1w) versus 6.3 (q3w) months (p = 0.91), and overall survival was 22.7 (q1w) versus 15.8 (q3w) months (p = 0.24). Conclusion: The present data support the feasibility of both weekly and 3-weekly application of docetaxel. As expected, severe leukopenia seems avoidable in weekly scheduled single-agent docetaxel and may serve as an important treatment option, particularly in elderly patients and patients with a reduced performance status. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Base

Prospective Multicenter Randomized Phase III Study of Weekly versus Standard Docetaxel plus Doxorubicin (D4) for First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer

Purpose: Previous phase II studies have indicated a greatly reduced hematotoxicity of docetaxel-based regimens administered on weekly schedules. The present trial was initiated to compare the toxicity and efficacy of weekly docetaxel versus its standard 3-weekly application in combination with doxorubicin. Methods: Patients previously untreated with chemotherapy for metastatic disease were recruited. Inclusion criteria were age = grade 3 was observed in the standard arm of the D4 study compared to the weekly schedule (per-patient analysis: 61.9% q3w vs. 65.1% q1w; p > 0.05). Grade 3 and grade 4 fever, diarrhea, and infections occurred more frequently in the standard arm, whereas neurotoxicity and skin/nail disorders were observed more frequently in the weekly arm. Except for fever, none of these differences reached a level of significance. Dose delays, dose reductions, and the rate of omitted doses were increased in the weekly arm. The overall response rate was 44.2% in the weekly arm compared to 52.4% in the standard arm (p = 0.52). Time to progression was 6.2 (q1w) versus 10.3 (q3w) months (p = 0.36), and overall survival was 20.5 (q1w) versus 28.7 (q3w) months (p = 0.98). Conclusion: The present data support the feasibility of both weekly and 3-weekly application of docetaxel in combination with doxorubicin. Nevertheless, given that leukopenia was similar in both arms and the efficacy parameters were at least numerically inferior with the weekly schedule, standard 3-weekly application seems to be preferable for patients requiring combination chemotherapy. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Base

Insights into incipient soot formation by atomic force microscopy

Abstract Combustion-generated soot particles can have significant impact on climate, environment and human health. Thus, understanding the processes governing the formation of soot particles in combustion is a topic of ongoing research. In this study, high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used for direct imaging of the building blocks forming the particles in the early stages of soot formation. Incipient soot particles were collected right after the particle nucleation zone of a slightly sooting ethylene/air laminar premixed flame at atmospheric pressure and analyzed by AFM after a rapid sublimation procedure. Our data shed light on one of the most complex and still debated aspect on soot formation, i.e., the nucleation process. The molecular constituents of the initial particles have been individually analyzed in detail in their chemical/structural characteristics. Our data demonstrate the large complexity/variety of the aromatic compounds which are the building blocks of the initial soot particles. Nevertheless, some fundamental and specific characteristics have been clearly ascertained. These include a significant presence of penta-rings as opposed to the purely benzenoid aromatic compounds and the noticeable presence of aliphatic side-chains. In addition, there were indications for the presence of persistent π radicals. Incipient soot was also investigated by Raman spectroscopy, the results of which agreed in terms of chemical and structural composition of the particles with those obtained by AFM

Tidal Torquing of Elliptical Galaxies in Cluster Environments

Observational studies of galaxy isophotal shapes have shown that galaxy orientations are anisotropic: a galaxy's long axis tends to be oriented toward the center of its host. This radial alignment is seen across a wide range of scales, from galaxies in massive clusters to small Milky Way type satellite systems. Recently, this effect has also been detected in dark matter simulations of cosmological structure, but the degree of alignment of dark matter substructures in these studies is significantly stronger than seen in observations. In this paper we attempt to reconcile these two results by performing high-resolution numerical experiments on N-body multi-component models of triaxial galaxies orbiting in an external analytical potential. The large number of particles employed allows us to probe deep into the inner structure of the galaxy: we show that the discrepancy between observed galaxies and simulated dark matter halos is a natural consequence of induced radial shape twisting in the galaxy by the external potential. The degree of twisting depends strongly on the orbital phase and eccentricity of the satellite, and it can, under certain conditions, be significant at radii smaller than the dark matter scale radius. Such internal misalignments will have important consequences, both for the dynamical evolution of the galaxy itself, and for mass modeling of galaxies in clustered environments.Comment: 19 pages, 22 figures, published in Ap