Basic rights and comparisons of prevailing rules of the forex market and stock market in international and domestic laws

Nowadays, the production and provision of all goods and services in a country is not possible at once and countries that need to buy these products, services and technologies, should purchase them from the producer country. In this situation, it is necessary to pay the money of that country to the seller, and accordingly, their own country’s money should be changed into that country’s money. In order to ease of trading, some foreign moneys with backing, validated in all listed countries in this regard were considered and according to the necessity of changing the foreign currencies into one another, the Forex market was started where the foreign currencies are trades in pair, and country (Iran) has not been excluded from this issue. Forex is the abbreviation of foreign currency and it is a global interbank currency or a market among traders in which the floating exchange rate system is used. Forex market is the biggest market of exchange in the world. Forex market doesn’t have an organized central place; the currency transactions are done via computers and telephones from different ports of this planet earth in this market. A huge part of currency transactions is related to the cash and momentary buy and sell of exchange in the forex market. The forex trade is among hundreds of big bank which performs the transactions of big companies and governments. These institutes give the exchange rate to each other and to the more extensive market repeatedly. The last announced rate of one of these banks is the last rate for that exchange. Multiple questions are expressed about this matter such as: which regulations are dominant on the forex market and on the stock market in the international trade law and domestic law? What is the difference and similarity of forex and exchange from the viewpoint of the dominant rules? The research findings express this matter that the trading method which are existed in the organized stocks and markets are simulated and are used in a virtual way. In the stock market, the companies’ stock and bonds are traded under special rules and regulations of domestic trade law. In this research, the descriptive – analytic method has been used

Mechanistic investigation of hydrogen evolution reaction from multiple proton donors: The case of mildly acidic solutions containing weak acids

© The Author(s) 2019. The present study provides a theoretical framework for mechanistic investigation of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic solutions containing a secondary proton donor in the form of a weak acid. The mechanistic, thermodynamic, and kinetic implications associated with the presence of a weak acid are discussed. The presence of a weak acid was shown to be able to significantly influence the polarization behavior of the HER from H+ through its corresponding chemical dissociation reaction. This effect could lead to an increased limiting current, increased apparent Tafel slope, or even appearance of a secondary limiting current. The theoretical discussions were then applied to the case study of the HER in mildly acidic solutions containing acetic acid, on gold surface. The polarization data showed two Tafel slopes of 65mV at lower current densities and 120mV at higher current densities. A mechanistic mathematical model based on the initial theoretical discussions was developed and used to analyze and quantify the polarization behavior of this system. It was shown that, while in low Tafel slope range the presence of acetic acid has no effect on the HER, at 120 mV Tafel slope range the HER from acetic acid is significant, and it is occurring through a Heyrovsky type electro-desorption reaction