Efficient Utilization of Urban Fringe Area for Smart Urban Growth with Proposed Compact Township Design: A Case Study in Pabna District, Bangladesh

In last few decades Bangladesh has been facing major urbanization throughout different cities. Also, the urban growth of this cities will not follow any planning standard and increases haphazardly which causes serious urban sprawl. The Compact Township (CT) Design is considered one of the best planning strategies that can control the haphazard growth of urban sprawl and develop more sustainable cities which will benefit Bangladesh in the environmental, social and economic dimensions. Pabna district, Bangladesh faces major urbanization problem in last few decades because of its large amount of existing resources and opportunities. Ishwardi Thana in Pabna district has been selected as the study area for CT design. The aim of this study is to estimate the decadal urban growth of study area using Landsat images from 1996-2016 as well as Proposed an effective CT Design to control haphazard urban growth in the fringe area. From the image analysis using Arc GIS 10.4 and Erdas Imagine software, it’s clearly noticeable that Ishwardi Thana has been facing more urban growth from any other Thana in Pabna District. Also, the study area consists of a significant amount of urban fringe area which is suitable for the development of CT. The proposed CT design in “Majdia site” situated in selected study area where Zoning techniques have been used in 245 acres area. To make the design production and transport-oriented the location is divided into high-class residential zone, middle-class residential zone, lower class residential zone and Mix use zone, etc. According to the design and estimation, the 245 acres area can provide accommodations about 25200 population with easy accessibility of work and basic amenities. Considering all the condition, planning strategies of the CT is meant to guarantee a good accessibility and integrate collective transports, services and attractive public spaces to avoid the increase of the urban sprawl

Prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species in field cases of rabbit intestinal coccidiosis treated with prebiotic

This study aimed to investigate the effect of prebiotic treatment on E. coli and Salmonella species during natural intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits. The experiment was conducted on 45 selected farm rabbits of which 15 were coccidian free (Negative control; NC, group) and 30 were naturally coccidian infected. The infected animals were allocated into two equal groups including positive control (PC) and prebiotic treated (PT) that were orally treated with prebiotic for 8 successive days. Fecal oocyst count was assessed daily during the course of treatment. Meanwhile, the PC group had a significantly high oocyst count (21.67×103 ± 0.82 OPG), with a significant increase in the prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella (86.7 % and 46.7 %, respectively). Moreover, the NC group remained coccidian free and exhibited E. coli infection only with no detection of salmonella isolates. Findings of in-vitro susceptibility testing showed that E. coli isolates were highly resistant to most of the tested antimicrobials while Salmonella isolates showed variable degrees of resistance. In conclusion, the prebiotic treatment significantly reduced the prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella infections coexisted with intestinal coccidiosis in naturally infected rabbits

Susceptibility Status of The Malaria Vector Anopheles Arabiensis To Insecticides in Khartoum State, Sudan

Background: Increasing insecticide resistancein the major anopheline vectors remain the main obstacle for malaria control programmes in African countries including Sudan.Objectives: To assess the susceptibility status of Anopheles arabiensis the malaria vector to different classes of insecticides in Khartoum State.Materials and Methods: Using WHO procedure, susceptibility tests were conducted on adults of An.arabiensis from nine sentinel sites in Khartoum State. Mortality rates and knockdown times of insecticides for An. arabiensis were calculated.Results: A total of 8345 females of An.arabiensis were tested againsteight insecticides, these wereDDT 4%, fenitrothion 1%, malathion 5%, propoxur 0.1%, permethrin 0.75%, deltamethrin 0.05% and lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%. Of these insecticides tested, An. arabiensis from Khartoum State wassusceptible to only fenitrothion 1% and lambdacyhalothrin 0.05% with overall mean percentage mortalities 99±0.12 and 100±0.45 respectively.In addition, the overall results, revealed a low mean mortality rates in An. arabiensis indicating resistance to the other remaining insecticides.Furthermore, all populations of An. arabiensis from different sentinel sites showed variation in mortality rates for the tested insecticides. The exception were for fenitrothion 1% and lambdacyhalothrin 0.05% which were resulted in 100% mean mortality in An. Arabiensis in each sentinel sites. Similarly, the knock down time (KDT) of all insecticide tested for 50% and 95% of An. arabiensis varied between populations of sentinel sites.Conclusion: In conclusion, An. arabiensis the main malariavector in Khartoum State is mainly susceptible to fenitrothion and lambdacyhalothrin. Therefore, these two insecticides could be the more suitable for malaria vector control in Khartoum State.Key Words: Anopheles arabiensis; susceptibility; KDT, Khartoum State, Suda

Infertility and the provision of infertility medical services in developing countries

developing countrie

A systematic review of randomised controlled trials assessing effectiveness of prosthetic and orthotic interventions.

BACKGROUND: Assistive products are items which allow older people and people with disabilities to be able to live a healthy, productive and dignified life. It has been estimated that approximately 1.5% of the world's population need a prosthesis or orthosis. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to systematically identify and review the evidence from randomized controlled trials assessing effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of prosthetic and orthotic interventions. METHODS: Literature searches, completed in September 2015, were carried out in fourteen databases between years 1995 and 2015. The search results were independently screened by two reviewers. For the purpose of this manuscript, only randomized controlled trials which examined interventions using orthotic or prosthetic devices were selected for data extraction and synthesis. RESULTS: A total of 342 randomised controlled trials were identified (319 English language and 23 non-English language). Only 4 of these randomised controlled trials examined prosthetic interventions and the rest examined orthotic interventions. These orthotic interventions were categorised based on the medical conditions/injuries of the participants. From these studies, this review focused on the medical condition/injuries with the highest number of randomised controlled trials (osteoarthritis, fracture, stroke, carpal tunnel syndrome, plantar fasciitis, anterior cruciate ligament, diabetic foot, rheumatoid and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, ankle sprain, cerebral palsy, lateral epicondylitis and low back pain). The included articles were assessed for risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Details of the clinical population examined, the type of orthotic/prosthetic intervention, the comparator/s and the outcome measures were extracted. Effect sizes and odds ratios were calculated for all outcome measures, where possible. CONCLUSIONS: At present, for prosthetic and orthotic interventions, the scientific literature does not provide sufficient high quality research to allow strong conclusions on their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness

Mengatasi Limpasan Banjir dengan Normalisasi Saluran Drainase di Kelurahan Baru Ilir Kota Balikpapan

Limpasan banjir ke jalan raya di perkotaan secara umum disebabkan oleh ketidak sesuai saluran drainase dengan volume limpasan air hujan dan disebabkan oleh saluran drainase yang rusak, tertutup semak belukar dan sedimen lumpur serta terhalang oleh bangunan. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah sebagai perwujudan keterlibatan pergutuan tinggi, dunia usaha, dan masyarakat dalam mengatasi permasalahan yang terjadi di lingkungan masyarakat, khususnya kawasan hunian dan jalan yang tergenang limpasan banjir. Pelaksanaan pengabdian masyarakat ini berupa bimbingan teknik, konsultasi dan komunikasi sehingga keterlibatan masyarakat setempat dalam pekerjaan normalisasi sluran drainase dapat maksimal. Hasil kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat menunjukan bahwa masyarakat setempat antusias dapat dilibatkan pada kegiatan proyek dilingkungannya dan antusias mengikuti bimbingan teknis sehingga dapat melakukan pekerjaan secara mandiri. Dari hasil kegiatan kagiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini pula telah terwujud partisipasi perguruan tinggi, dunia usaha dan masyarakat setempat secara bersama-sama menyelesaikan permasalahan dilingkungan perkotaan, khususnya masalah banjir di Jalan Suprapto, Kota Balikpapan

Impact of malaria control interventions on malaria infection and anaemia in low malaria transmission settings: a cross-sectional population-based study in Sudan

Background: The past two decades were associated with innovation and strengthening of malaria control interventions, which have been increasingly adopted at large scale. Impact evaluations of these interventions were mostly performed in moderate or high malaria transmission areas. This study aimed to evaluate the use and performance of malaria interventions in low transmission areas on malaria infections and anaemia. Methods: Data from the 2016 Sudan malaria indicator survey was used. Multi-level logistic regression analysis was used to assess the strength of association between real-life community-level utilization of malaria interventions [diagnosis, artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs)] and the study outcomes: malaria infections and anaemia (both overall and moderate-to-severe anaemia). Results: The study analysis involved 26,469 individuals over 242 clusters. Malaria infection rate was 7.6%, overall anaemia prevalence was 47.5% and moderate-to-severe anaemia prevalence was 4.5%. The average community-level utilization was 31.5% for malaria diagnosis, 29.9% for ACTs and 35.7% for LLINs. The odds of malaria infection was significantly reduced by 14% for each 10% increase in the utilization of malaria diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) per 10% utilization 0.86, 95% CI 0.78-0.95, p = 0.004). However, the odds of infection was positively associated with the utilization of LLINs at community-level (aOR per 10% utilization 1.20, 95% CI 1.11-1.29, p < 0.001). No association between malaria infection and utilization of ACTs was identified (aOR per 10% utilization 0.97, 95% CI 0.91-1.04, p = 0.413). None of the interventions was associated with overall anaemia nor moderate-to-severe anaemia. Conclusion: There was strong evidence that utilization of malaria diagnosis at the community level was highly protective against malaria infection. No protective effect was seen for community utilization of ACTs or LLINs. No association was established between any of the interventions and overall anaemia or moderate-to-severe anaemia. This lack of effectiveness could be due to the low utilization of interventions or the low level of malaria transmission in the study area. Identification and response to barriers of access and low utilization of malaria interventions are crucial. It is crucial to ensure that every suspected malaria case is tested in a timely way, notably in low transmission settings

Association of the body mass index with the overall stability index in young adult Saudi males

أهداف البحث: ركزت الدراسات على البدانة الناجمة عن عدم استقرار الإتزان لدى كبار السن، في حين لم تتم دراستها لدى الشباب. تهدف هذه الدراسة لتحديد تأثير البدانة على استقرار الإتزان الحركي عند الذكور من الشباب السعوديين. طرق البحث: أجريت دراسة مقطعية على ٧٠٤ من الشباب الذكور تتراوح أعمارهم بين ١٨ و ٣٥ عاما من جامعة أم القرى٬ مكة المكرمة٬ المملكة العربية السعودية. تم تقييم الإتزان الناجم عن البدانة باستخدام جهاز نظام الإتزان ”بايودكس“ ذي القرص المتحرك، وتم حساب مؤشر الثبات الكلي كدلالة على مقدار الإتزان الحركي كما اُعتُبِر المشاركون ذووا مؤشر كتلة الجسم أعلى من ٣٠ كغم/م٢ بدناء. النتائج: كان متوسط أعمار ومؤشر كتلة الجسم للمشاركين ٢٠ عاما و ٢٥٫٦ كغم/م٢، على التوالي. وكان متوسط مؤشر الثبات الكلي لكامل العينة ٠٫٩ وقيمته تزداد بشكل ملحوظ كلما زاد مؤشر كتلة الجسم. كما كان الارتباط المعدل بين مؤشر الثبات الكلي ومؤشر كتلة الجسم ٠٫٤٨٧. وبينت نتائج الانحدار اللوجستي أن كل زيادة وحدة في مؤشر كتلة الجسم٬ يرافقها زيادة متوقعة ٠٫١١٥ وحدة في قيمة مؤشر الثبات الكلي. وأظهر منحنى تشغيل الجهاز أن القيمة المثلى لنقاط الفصل للوزن ومؤشر كتلة الجسم للحصول على أفضل قيم مؤشر الثبات الكلي عند ١٨٫٨ كغم/م٢ و ٥٤٫٥ كغم، على التوالي٬ مع قيم حساسية ونوعية عالية. بالإضافة٬ فإن مؤشر كتلة الجسم يؤثر بنسبة ٢٣٪ تقريبا من التباين الكلي على الإتزان. الاستنتاجات: للبدانة تأثير واضح على الإتزان الحركي لدى الشباب الذكور في الدراسة. ينبغي تشجيع برامج خفض الوزن للأشخاص البدناء لتحسين مؤشر كتلة الجسم والوزن٬ التي يمكن أن تحافظ على استقرار الإتزان