Appropriations du cadre de l'association des usagers des eaux agricoles par les irrigants au Maroc. Analyse comparative de cas au Moyen Atlas et Moyen Sebou

International audienceDes constats d'échec de transfert de gestion (de l'État aux associations d'irrigants) ou de rejet des AUEA (cas de systèmes d'irrigation traditionnels) ont souvent été faits. D'où l'idée de nous intéresser à des cas de réussite où des associations commencent à prendre en charge la gestion de l'irrigation. L'objectif de la présente communication consiste à montrer comment le modèle AUEA est approprié par les irrigants dans des contextes différents (moyenne hydraulique et petite hydraulique). Sur la base d'une analyse comparative de deux situations différentes, la première concerne un périmètre irrigué de taille moyenne récemment créé par l'État, l'autre s'intéresse à des petits périmètres d'origine ancestrale, il s'agit de déterminer les facteurs qui favorisent le processus d'appropriation de l'AUEA comme forme organisationnelle par les irrigants. Les observations de terrain montrent que les dynamiques institutionnelles en cours ont souvent pour origine des initiatives locales prises pour améliorer le mode de gestion. Une fois appropriée, l'AUEA fonctionne différemment du modèle conçu. Au Maroc, les systèmes d'irrigation présentent une grande diversité. L'Etat est entrain de mettre en place une nouvelle stratégie en matière de gestion des ressources en eau. Aussi, différents projets sont conduits pour améliorer la gestion collective de l'irrigation. Ils se veulent participatifs et visent une prise en charge de la gestion des réseaux d'irrigation selon un même modèle d'association d'usagers de l'eau agricole (AUEA). Aussi, l'objectif de la présente communication est de voir comment ce modèle est utilisé par les irrigants dans différents contextes. En effet, les sorts réservés à cette innovation institutionnelle sont multiples, allant du simple rejet à son appropriation effective. L'idée principale est de comprendre les processus d'appropriation observés chez certaines communautés d'irrigants. Puis, en déduire certaines conditions nécessaires pour une réelle prise en charge des systèmes d'irrigation par les agriculteurs. Les situations de rejet des tentatives de greffage des AUEA au sein des communautés d'irrigants sont également observées. Elles présentent des illustrations des différences de conception et de logique entre les pouvoirs publics et les populations locales

Atriplex halimus (Amarantacees) callogenesis induction from different explant type

For Atriplex halimus valorization by in vitro tissue culture, a callogenesis protocol is initiated in order to study the different factors that influence cell proliferation in this species. For this purpose, different explants (leaves, cut stems, cotyledonary leaves, hypocotyls and apexes) are cultured on MS [1] and B5 medium [2], with half strength macroelements and added with different concentrations of 2,4-D and kinetin. The results evaluation shows that callogenesis depends on the culture medium mineral composition, the hormones concentration and the explant type. The B5 medium with half strength macroelements (B5/2) seems to be the most favorable for callogenesis induction compared to MS medium with half strength macroelements (MS/2). The results also show that the stem and hypocolyl explants are the most reactive and that the use of 0.5 mg / l 2,4-D + 0.5mg / l Kin gives the best callogenesis rates.Keywords: halophyte; MS medium; B5 medium; tissue cultur

Les osteomes sinusiens a extension orbitaire a propos de trois cas

Introduction : L’ostéome des sinus paranasaux est une tumeur bénigne rare, dévolution lente et qui peut être responsable de complications ophtalmologiques, sinusiennes et endocrâniennes. Son traitement lorsqu’il s’impose, n’est que chirurgical.Observations : Nous rapportons les observations médicales de trois patients opérés dans le service d’ORL et de chirurgie cervico-faciale de l’hôpital 20 aout de Casablanca pour des ostéomes sinusiens a extension orbitaire. L’origine de l’ostéome était frontale dans 1 cas et ethmoïdal dans 2 cas. La tumeur était le plus souvent révélée par une exophtalmie d’apparition progressive associée ou non a des céphalées L’indication opératoire a été posée chez les trois malades. La voie d’abord a été transfaciale dans deux cas et bicoronale dans un cas. L’évolution a été favorable chez tous les patients.Conclusion : : l’ostéome sinusien est une néoformation osseuse bénigne dont le traitement est chirurgical dans les formes symptomatiques. La voie d’abord dépend de la localisation tumorale.Mots clés : Ostéome, Sinus paranasaux, Extension orbitaire, Traitement.Objective : The osteoma of paranasal sinuses is a rare benign tumour, slow devolution and which may be responsible for ocular, intracranial and sinus complications. The treatment when it is required, is that surgical.Case report : We report the medical observations of three patients operated in the ENT service and cervical-facial surgery in the Hospital 20 August of Casablanca for sinus osteomas with orbital extension. The origin of the osteoma was frontal in one case, ethmoid in two cases. The tumor was most often revealed by a gradual exophthalmia associated or not with headache. The operative indication has been raised in three patients. The incision was transfacial in two cases and bicoronale in one case. The evolution was favorable in all patients.Conclusion: the sinus osteomas is a benign bone neoformation with surgical treatment in symptomatic forms. The surgical approach depends on tumor location.Keyswords : Osteoma, Paranasal sinuses, Orbital Extension, Treatment

The Influence of Some Pyrazole Derivatives on The Corrosion Behaviour of Mild Steel in 1M HCl Solution

Abstract The inhibitive action of some pyrazole derivatives, namely N1, N1-bis (2-(bis ((3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) methyl) amino)ethyl)-N2, N2-bis ((3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) methyl) ethane-1,2-diamine: PAP and diethyl 1,1'-(((4-acetylphenyl) azanediyl) bis (methylene)) bis (5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate): PAC against the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution has been investigated using weight loss measurements, Tafel polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The experimental results obtained revealed that these compounds inhibited the steel corrosion in acid solution, the protection efficiency increased with increasing inhibitors concentration. The results obtained from the different corrosion evaluation techniques are in good agreement. Potentiodynamic polarisation studies clearly showed that PAP and PAC acted as mixed inhibitors affecting both cathodic and anodic corrosion currents. Adsorption of these inhibitors on steel surface obeyed to Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Thermodynamic data of adsorption showed that inhibition of steel corrosion in 1M HCl solution by pyrazole compounds is due to the formation of a chemisorbed film on the steel surface. SEM and EDX supported the adsorption conclusions

The FEBEX benchmark test: case definition and comparison of modelling approaches

The FEBEX (Full-scale Engineered Barriers Experiment in Crystalline Host Rock) ‘‘in situ’’ test was installed at the Grimsel Test Site underground laboratory (Switzerland) and is a near-to-real scale simulation of the Spanish reference concept of deep geological storage in crystalline host rock. A modelling exercise, aimed at predicting field behaviour, was divided in three parts. In Part A, predictions for both the total water inflow to the tunnel as well as the water pressure changes induced by the boring of the tunnel were required. In Part B, predictions for local field variables, such as temperature, relative humidity, stresses and displacements at selected points in the bentonite barrier, and global variables, such as the total input power to the heaters were required. In Part C, predictions for temperature, stresses, water pressures and displacements in selected points of the host rock were required. Ten Modelling Teams from Europe, North America and Japan were involved in the analysis of the test. Differences among approaches may be found in the constitutive models used, in the simplifications made to the balance equations and in the geometric symmetries considered. Several aspects are addressed in the paper: the basic THM physical phenomena which dominate the test response are discussed, a comparison of different modelling results with actual measurements is presented and a discussion is given to explain the performance of the various predictions.Peer Reviewe

Study protocol for VIdeo assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy versus conventional Open LobEcTomy for lung cancer, a UK multicentre randomised controlled trial with an internal pilot (the VIOLET study)

INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and surgery remains the main treatment for early stage disease. Prior to the introduction of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), lung resection for cancer was undertaken through an open thoracotomy. To date, the evidence base supporting the different surgical approaches is based on non-randomised studies, small randomised trials and is focused mainly on short-term in-hospital outcomes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The VIdeo assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy versus conventional Open LobEcTomy for lung cancer study is a UK multicentre parallel group randomised controlled trial (RCT) with blinding of outcome assessors and participants (to hospital discharge) comparing the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of VATS lobectomy versus open lobectomy for treatment of lung cancer. We will test the hypothesis that VATS lobectomy is superior to open lobectomy with respect to self-reported physical function 5 weeks after randomisation (approximately 1 month after surgery). Secondary outcomes include assessment of efficacy (hospital stay, pain, proportion and time to uptake of chemotherapy), measures of safety (adverse health events), oncological outcomes (proportion of patients upstaged to pathologic N2 (pN2) disease and disease-free survival), overall survival and health related quality of life to 1 year. The QuinteT Recruitment Intervention is integrated into the trial to optimise recruitment. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This trial has been approved by the UK (Dulwich) National Research Ethics Service Committee London. Findings will be written-up as methodology papers for conference presentation, and publication in peer-reviewed journals. Many aspects of the feasibility work will inform surgical RCTs in general and these will be reported at methodology meetings. We will also link with lung cancer clinical studies groups. The patient and public involvement group that works with the Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit at the Brompton Hospital will help identify how we can best publicise the findings

Transformations to groundwater sustainability: from individuals and pumps to communities and aquifers

If the success of agricultural intensification continues to rely on the depletion of aquifers and exploitation of (female) labour, transformations to groundwater sustainability will be impossible to achieve. Hence, the development of new groundwater imaginaries, based on alternative ways of organizing society-water relations is highly important. This paper argues that a comparative documentation of grass-roots initiatives to care for, share or recharge aquifers in places with acute resource pressures provides an important source of inspiration. Using a grounded anti-colonial and feminist approach, we combine an ethnographic documentation of groundwater practices with hydrogeological and engineering insights to enunciate, normatively assess and jointly learn from the knowledges, technologies and institutions that characterize such initiatives. Doing this usefully shifts the focus of planned efforts to regulate and govern groundwater away from government efforts to control individual pumping behaviours, to the identification of possibilities to anchor transformations to sustainability in collective action

Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19

Critical COVID-19 is caused by immune-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Host genetic variation influences the development of illness requiring critical care1 or hospitalization2–4 after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The GenOMICC (Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care) study enables the comparison of genomes from individuals who are critically ill with those of population controls to find underlying disease mechanisms. Here we use whole-genome sequencing in 7,491 critically ill individuals compared with 48,400 controls to discover and replicate 23 independent variants that significantly predispose to critical COVID-19. We identify 16 new independent associations, including variants within genes that are involved in interferon signalling (IL10RB and PLSCR1), leucocyte differentiation (BCL11A) and blood-type antigen secretor status (FUT2). Using transcriptome-wide association and colocalization to infer the effect of gene expression on disease severity, we find evidence that implicates multiple genes—including reduced expression of a membrane flippase (ATP11A), and increased expression of a mucin (MUC1)—in critical disease. Mendelian randomization provides evidence in support of causal roles for myeloid cell adhesion molecules (SELE, ICAM5 and CD209) and the coagulation factor F8, all of which are potentially druggable targets. Our results are broadly consistent with a multi-component model of COVID-19 pathophysiology, in which at least two distinct mechanisms can predispose to life-threatening disease: failure to control viral replication; or an enhanced tendency towards pulmonary inflammation and intravascular coagulation. We show that comparison between cases of critical illness and population controls is highly efficient for the detection of therapeutically relevant mechanisms of disease