On how environmental stringency influences BMP adoption

Replaced with revised version of paper 06/22/06.Farm Management,

Effect of resination technique on mechanical properties of medium density fiberboard

Effects of different resination techniques relative to the mechanical properties of commercially produced thick medium density fiberboard (MDF) were investigated. The amount of urea-formaldehyde resin (11 wt%) applied to the wood fibers was gradually decreased in the blowline (11, 10.5, 10, and 9.5 wt%), while it was gradually increased in the short-retention blender (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5. wt%). The internal bond strength of the MDF boards considerably improved as the amount of the resin applied to the fibers in the short-retention blender was increased to 1.5 wt%. In particular, the increase in the IB strength was most pronounced as the resin content increased from 1 to 1.5%. The edge and face screw withdrawal resistances increased by 7.7 and 7.9% as the amount of the resin applied to the fibers in the blender was increased. Similar values were also observed for the flexural properties. Overall, the total resin content in the production of thick MDF can be decreased as blender resination, a means of post-dryer resin addition, is incorporated into the blowline resination technique

Some Non-Destructive Testing Methods: A Comparative Complitation Work

Bu çalışmada, materyallerin kusur analizini gerçekleştirerek güvenli materyal kullanımı sağlayan tahribatsız test yöntemleri incelenmektedir. Tahribatsız test işleminde kullanılacak yöntemin, çalışma şartları açısından test edilecek materyal üzerinde uygulanabilir olması gerekmektedir. Örneğin girdap akımları yöntemi, çalışma şartları gereği ferromanyetik metalleri test edemezken, ferro olmayan metalleri test edebilmektedir. Bu şartlar göz önüne alınarak seçilen test yöntemi ile materyal düzenli aralıklarla tahribatsız muayene edilerek kusurlu materyal bölgeleri tespit edilmektedir. Bu şekilde güvenli materyal kullanımı sağlanarak büyük maddi kayıplar önlenmiş olur. Tahribatsız test yöntemlerinin bir kısmı güvenilir sonuçlar üretmesi açısından endüstride yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda manyetik kaçak akı, akustik emisyon, ultrasonik, girdap akımları ve radyografi yöntemleri bu çalışmada incelenmiştir. Yöntemlerin işleyiş prensipleri, literatürde yapılmış çalışmalar ve gerçekleştirilmiş deneyler incelenerek açıklanmıştır. Yöntemler karşılaştırmalı olarak seçilen kriterlere göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu çalışma ile geniş içeriğe sahip bir derleme ortaya çıkarılmıştır.In this study, nondestructive testing methods, which sustain safe material usage are analyzed by doing defect analysis of material. Method that is used in nondestructive testing process, need to be applicable on testing material in terms of working conditions. For instance; eddy currents method can test nonferrous metals while it cannot test ferromagnetic metals because of working conditions. Considering these conditions, defective material parts are identified by examining chosen testing method and material in regular intervals. Thanks to this way, major financial losses are avoided by sustainig safe material usage. Some parts of nondestructive testing methods are widely used in industry with regard to producing dependable results. In this context, magnetic flux leakage, acoustik emission, eddy currents, and radiography methods are analyzed in this study. Methods’ process principle, works that have done in literature, performed experiments are analyzed and explained. Methods are classified by regarding comperatively selected criteria. With this study, a compilation, having broad content is presented

The impact of low molecular weight heparin on obstetric outcomes among unexplained recurrent miscarriages complicated with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphism

Objectives: The association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms and unexplained recurrent miscarriage is elusive. The recommendations for improving pregnancy outcomes in these patients keep changing based on the available evidence. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of low molecular weight heparin on obstetric outcomes of recurrent miscarriage patients complicated with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphism. Material and methods: We reviewed medical records of 121 patients with a history of recurrent miscarriage complicated by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms, retrospectively. From among them, 68 patients were treated only with folic acid and iron. The remaining 53 patients were treated with folic acid, iron and prophylactic doses of low molecular weight heparin. The subsequent pregnancy outcomes of these patients were noted. Results: The live birth rate was higher in patients with anticoagulant therapy than in patients without anticoagulant therapy (48.5% vs. 69.8%, respectively, p: 0.015) and the congenital anomaly rate was lower in anticoagulant therapy group (17.6% vs. 3.8%, respectively, p: 0.022). The other obstetric outcomes were found to be similar between the two groups. Conclusions: The current study demonstrated that low molecular weight heparin improved the live birth rates among unex­plained recurrent miscarriage patients complicated with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms. How­ever, the routine use of low molecular weight heparin did not improve the late pregnancy complications in these selected patients in the eastern region of our country. Further studies are needed to discriminate the effect of anticoagulation on the live birth rate of each of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphism type

Volume CXIV, Number 4, November 7, 1996

Objective: Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal disorder caused by complete or partial X chromosome monosomy that manifests various clinical features depending on the karyotype and on the genetic background of affected girls. This study aimed to systematically investigate the key clinical features of TS in relationship to karyotype in a large pediatric Turkish patient population.Methods: Our retrospective study included 842 karyotype-proven TS patients aged 0-18 years who were evaluated in 35 different centers in Turkey in the years 2013-2014.Results: The most common karyotype was 45,X (50.7%), followed by 45,X/46,XX (10.8%), 46,X,i(Xq) (10.1%) and 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) (9.5%). Mean age at diagnosis was 10.2±4.4 years. The most common presenting complaints were short stature and delayed puberty. Among patients diagnosed before age one year, the ratio of karyotype 45,X was significantly higher than that of other karyotype groups. Cardiac defects (bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of the aorta and aortic stenosis) were the most common congenital anomalies, occurring in 25% of the TS cases. This was followed by urinary system anomalies (horseshoe kidney, double collector duct system and renal rotation) detected in 16.3%. Hashimoto's thyroiditis was found in 11.1% of patients, gastrointestinal abnormalities in 8.9%, ear nose and throat problems in 22.6%, dermatologic problems in 21.8% and osteoporosis in 15.3%. Learning difficulties and/or psychosocial problems were encountered in 39.1%. Insulin resistance and impaired fasting glucose were detected in 3.4% and 2.2%, respectively. Dyslipidemia prevalence was 11.4%.Conclusion: This comprehensive study systematically evaluated the largest group of karyotype-proven TS girls to date. The karyotype distribution, congenital anomaly and comorbidity profile closely parallel that from other countries and support the need for close medical surveillance of these complex patients throughout their lifespa

The primary headaches: genetics, epigenetics and a behavioural genetic model

The primary headaches, migraine with (MA) and without aura (MO) and cluster headache, all carry a substantial genetic liability. Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), an autosomal dominant mendelian disorder classified as a subtype of MA, is due to mutations in genes encoding neural channel subunits. MA/MO are considered multifactorial genetic disorders, and FHM has been proposed as a model for migraine aetiology. However, a review of the genetic studies suggests that the FHM genes are not involved in the typical migraines and that FHM should be considered as a syndromic migraine rather than a subtype of MA. Adopting the concept of syndromic migraine could be useful in understanding migraine pathogenesis. We hypothesise that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in headache pathogenesis. A behavioural model is proposed, whereby the primary headaches are construed as behaviours, not symptoms, evolutionarily conserved for their adaptive value and engendered out of a genetic repertoire by a network of pattern generators present in the brain and signalling homeostatic imbalance. This behavioural model could be incorporated into migraine genetic research

Diagnosis of comorbid migraine without aura in patients with idiopathic/genetic epilepsy based on the gray zone approach to the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3 criteria

BackgroundMigraine without aura (MwoA) is a very frequent and remarkable comorbidity in patients with idiopathic/genetic epilepsy (I/GE). Frequently in clinical practice, diagnosis of MwoA may be challenging despite the guidance of current diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3 (ICHD-3). In this study, we aimed to disclose the diagnostic gaps in the diagnosis of comorbid MwoA, using a zone concept, in patients with I/GEs with headaches who were diagnosed by an experienced headache expert.MethodsIn this multicenter study including 809 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of I/GE with or without headache, 163 patients who were diagnosed by an experienced headache expert as having a comorbid MwoA were reevaluated. Eligible patients were divided into three subgroups, namely, full diagnosis, zone I, and zone II according to their status of fulfilling the ICHD-3 criteria. A Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis was performed to bring out the meaningful predictors when evaluating patients with I/GEs for MwoA comorbidity, using the variables that were significant in the univariate analysis.ResultsLonger headache duration (<4 h) followed by throbbing pain, higher visual analog scale (VAS) scores, increase of pain by physical activity, nausea/vomiting, and photophobia and/or phonophobia are the main distinguishing clinical characteristics of comorbid MwoA in patients with I/GE, for being classified in the full diagnosis group. Despite being not a part of the main ICHD-3 criteria, the presence of associated symptoms mainly osmophobia and also vertigo/dizziness had the distinguishing capability of being classified into zone subgroups. The most common epilepsy syndromes fulfilling full diagnosis criteria (n = 62) in the CART analysis were 48.39% Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy followed by 25.81% epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone.ConclusionLonger headache duration, throbbing pain, increase of pain by physical activity, photophobia and/or phonophobia, presence of vertigo/dizziness, osmophobia, and higher VAS scores are the main supportive associated factors when applying the ICHD-3 criteria for the comorbid MwoA diagnosis in patients with I/GEs. Evaluating these characteristics could be helpful to close the diagnostic gaps in everyday clinical practice and fasten the diagnostic process of comorbid MwoA in patients with I/GEs

RÖNESANS SANATINDA AT İMGESİ VE TEMSİLİ

The horse is one of the most depicted images in the history of art after the human figure. Horses were first described in the Greek and Roman art with anatomical accuracy and artistic expression. The technical and formal knowledge of classical art, which was lost during the Middle Ages, reappeared with the Renaissance and the horse figures were competently re-enacted in the art. The image of horse in Renaissance art has different meanings according to its usage area and form. In the great compositions of Paolo Uccello, about the Battle of San Romano, horses representing the military power of the armies emerged as white horses in religious paintings and became the symbol of purity and goodness. With the transformation of equestrian portraits and monumental sculptures into a genre, the image of the horse represented political and military power, and added to the work of art the effect of supremacy and nobility. Leonardo da Vinci developed the figure of the horse with movement and anatomical accuracy, and the expressions of horses through mediation provided an emotional dimension. In the 16th century, Titian made the first oil painting equestrian portrait in the history of art. Late Renaissance artists have often used horse figures to create the effect of movement and dynamism on large compositions and have led to similar subjects in subsequent art movements. Keywords: Horse, Representation, Renaissance, Image, ArtAt, sanat tarihinde insan figüründen sonra en çok betimlenen imgelerden biridir. Atlar ilk defa Antik Yunan ve Roma sanatında anatomik doğruluk ve sanatsal bir ifade ile betimlenmişdir. Klasik sanatın orta çağ boyunca kaybolan teknik ve biçimsel bilgileri Rönesans’la birlikte yeniden ortaya çıkmış ve at figürleri tekrar yetkin bir biçimde sanatta yer almışdır. Rönesans sanatında at imgesi kullanım alanı ve biçimine göre farklı anlamlar taşımaktadır. Paolo Uccello’nun San Romano Savaşı’nı konu alan büyük kompozisyonlarında orduların askeri gücünü temsil eden atlar, dini resimlerde beyaz at olarak ortaya çıkıp saflığın ve iyiliğin sembolü olmuşlardır. Equestrian portre ve anıt heykellerin bir türe dönüşmesiyle birlikte, at imgesi siyasi ve askeri gücü temsil ederken sanat eserine, yücelik ve soyluluk etkisi katmıştır. Leonardo da Vinci at figürünü hareket ve anatomik olarak doğruluk unsurlarıyla geliştirmiş ve atların ifadeleri aracılıylığla çalışmalarına duygusal bir boyut katmıştır. 16. yüzyılda Tiziano sanat tarihindeki ilk yağlı boya equestrian porteyi yapmıştır.  Geç Rönesans sanatçıları at figürlerini büyük kompozisyonlara hareket ve dinamizim etkisi yaratmak amacıyla sıklıkla kullanılmışlar ve sonrasındaki sanat akımlarında benzer konuların oluşmasına sebep olmuşlardır. Anahtar Kelimeler: At, Temsiliyet, Rönesans, İmge, Sana

GIORGIONE, TIZIANO, MANET: ÜÇ SANATÇI, ÜÇ VENÜS

The reclining nude is a classic theme depicted in art history many times. Three masterpieces of this genre are the Sleeping Venus of Giorgione, the Venus of Urbino of Tiziano and the Olympia of Edouard Manet. The most important common point of these three paintings and the fact that they are separated from the other pictures in the same subject is that they are derived from each other. One of the Venetian masters of the Renaissance, Giorgione's Sleeping Venus picture, glorified the natural beauty of woman, idealized the goddess of love Venus. Giorgione’s close friend Tiziano, with the formal characteristics of the Sleeping Venus, formed the picture of the Venus of Urbino. Venus, formally idealized, reflects human emotions as content. Tiziano, who directly contacted the audience with his reclining nude, created an allegory of love and loyalty in this picture. Edouard Manet, an important French painter of the nineteenth century, depicted a nude he had reinterpreted the Venus of Urbino. In this picture, which he called Olympia, Manet described the goddess of love as a prostitute. Created with a realistic and natural formal approach, the painting draws attention with its features. These three pictures, which deal with the same subject, illustrate how the content has changed with the change of form and expression in art.Uzanan nü, sanat tarihinde pek çok defa betimlenmiş, klasikleşmiş bir konudur. Bu türün, başyapıt niteliğindeki üç örneği, Giorgione’nin Uyuynan Venüs’ü, Tiziano’nun Urbino Venüsü ve Edouard Manet’nin Olympia’sıdır. Bu üç resmin en önemli ortak noktası ve aynı konudaki diğer resimlerden ayrılan özelliği birbirlerinden türetilmiş olmalarıdır. Rönesans’ın Venedikli ustalarından biri olan Giorgione’nin Uyuyan Venüs resmi, doğal kadın güzelliğini yüceltmiş, aşk tanrıçası Venüs’ü idealize etmiştir. Giorgione’nin yakın dostu Tiziano, Uyuyan Venüs’ün biçimsel özellikleriyle, Urbino Venüsü olarak adlandırılan resmini oluşturmuştur. Biçimsel olarak idealize edilmiş olan Venüs, içerik olarak insani duygular yansıtmaktadır. Uzanmış nü figürü izleyici ile doğrudan temas kurduran Tiziano, bu resimde aşk ve sadakate dair bir alegori yaratmıştır. 19. yüzyılın önemli Fransız ressamı Edouard Manet, Urbino Venüsü’nü yeniden yorumladığı bir uzanan nü resmetmiştir. Manet, Olympia adını verdiği bu resimde, aşk tanrıçasını, bir hayat kadını olarak betimlemiştir. Gerçekçi ve doğal bir biçimsel yaklaşımla oluşturulmuş olan resim, kışkıtıcı özellikleriyle dikkat çekmektedir. Aynı konunun ele alındığı bu üç resim, sanatta biçim ve ifadenin değişimiyle içeriğin de değiştiğini gösteren örnek durumundadır