Hepatocytes as in vitro test system to investigate metabolite patterns of pesticides in farmed rainbow trout and common carp: Comparison between in vivo and in vitro and across species.

In vitro tools using isolated primary fish hepatocytes have been proposed as a useful model to study the hepatic metabolism of xenobiotics in fish. In order to evaluate the potential of in vitro fish hepatocyte assays to provide information on in vivo metabolite patterns of pesticides in farmed fish, the present study addressed the following questions: Are in vitro and in vivo metabolite patterns comparable? Are species specific differences of metabolite patterns in vivo reflected in vitro? Are metabolite patterns obtained from cryopreserved hepatocytes comparable to those from freshly isolated cells? Rainbow trout and common carp were dosed orally with feed containing the pesticide methoxychlor (MXC) for 14days. In parallel, in vitro incubations using suspensions of freshly isolated or cryopreserved primary hepatocytes obtained from both species were performed. In vivo and in vitro samples were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography with authentic standards supported by HPLC-MS. Comparable metabolite patterns from a qualitative perspective were observed in liver in vivo and in hepatocyte suspensions in vitro. Species specific differences of MXC metabolite patterns observed between rainbow trout and common carp in vivo were well reflected by experiments with hepatocytes in vitro. Finally, cryopreserved hepatocytes produced comparable metabolite patterns to freshly isolated cells. The results of this study indicate that the in vitro hepatocyte assay could be used to identify metabolite patterns of pesticides in farmed fish and could thus serve as a valuable tool to support in vivo studies as required for pesticides approval according to the EU regulation 1107

Post-depositional manganese mobilization during the last glacial period in sediments of the eastern Pacific Ocean

Studies have provided compelling evidence that the Pacific Ocean has experienced substantial glacial/interglacial changes in bottom-water oxygenation. While the deep Pacific Ocean is currently well oxygenated, bottom-water oxygen concentrations (O2bw) were most likely lower during the last glacial period (LGP), which must have caused a much more compressed redox zonation in the sediments than at present. We have sequentially leached mobilizable MnO2 and various Fe (oxyhydr)oxides and used transport-reaction modelling in order to reconstruct past redox changes in sediments of the NE Pacific. We have investigated six sites situated in various contract areas for the exploration of polymetallic nodules within the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) and one site located in a protected area (APEI3) north of the CCZ. We found bulk sediment Mn maxima of up to 1 wt% in the upper 10 cm of the sediments at all sites except for the APEI3 site. Mobilizable Mn(IV) was the dominant Mn phase representing more than 70% of bulk Mn. As oxygen penetration depths of more than 0.5 m currently do not allow for the formation of authigenic Mn(IV) in the surface sediments of the CCZ, we postulate that lower O2bw during the LGP caused a compressed redox zonation where authigenic Mn(IV) precipitated at a shallow oxic-suboxic redox boundary. Transport-reaction modelling reveals that at O2bw of 35 µM, which were suggested to have prevailed during the LGP, the oxic-suboxic redox boundary is located in the upper 5 cm of the sediments. A distinct mobilizable Mn(IV) maximum was not found in the surface sediments of the APEI3 site indicating that the redox zonation was not as condensed during the LGP at this site due to two- to threefold lower organic carbon burial rates. Our results suggest that oxygen-deprived bottom water conditions prevailed on a basin-wide scale during the LGP and were associated with significantly different rates of biogeochemical processes and element fluxes in sediments of the NE Pacific than today

Post-depositional manganese mobilization during the last glacial period in sediments of the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean

Numerous studies have provided compelling evidence that the Pacific Ocean has experienced substantial glacial/interglacial changes in bottom-water oxygenation associated with enhanced carbon dioxide storage in the glacial deep ocean. Under postulated low glacial bottom-water oxygen concentrations (O), redox zonation, biogeochemical processes and element fluxes in the sediments must have been distinctively different during the last glacial period (LGP) compared to current well-oxygenated conditions. In this study, we have investigated six sites situated in various European contract areas for the exploration of polymetallic nodules within the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the NE Pacific and one site located in a protected Area of Particular Environmental Interest (APEI3) north of the CCZ. We found bulk sediment Mn maxima of up to 1 wt% in the upper oxic 10 cm of the sediments at all sites except for the APEI3 site. The application of a combined leaching protocol for the extraction of sedimentary Mn and Fe minerals revealed that mobilizable Mn(IV) represents the dominant Mn(oxyhydr)oxide phase with more than 70% of bulk solid-phase Mn. Steady state transport-reaction modeling showed that at postulated glacial O of 35 μM, the oxic zone in the sediments was much more compressed than today where upward diffusing pore-water Mn2+ was oxidized and precipitated as authigenic Mn(IV) at the oxic-suboxic redox boundary in the upper 5 cm of the sediments. Transient transport-reaction modeling demonstrated that with increasing O during the last glacial termination to current levels of ∼ 150 μM, (1) the oxic-suboxic redox boundary migrated deeper into the sediments and (2) the authigenic Mn(IV) peak was continuously mixed into subsequently deposited sediments by bioturbation causing the observed mobilizable Mn(IV) enrichment in the surface sediments. Such a distinct mobilizable Mn(IV) maximum was not found in the surface sediments of the APEI3 site, which indicates that the oxic zone was not as condensed during the LGP at this site due to two- to threefold lower organic carbon burial rates. Leaching data for sedimentary Fe minerals suggest that Fe(III) has not been diagenetically redistributed during the LGP at any of the investigated sites. Our results demonstrate that the basin-wide deoxygenation in the NE Pacific during the LGP was associated with (1) a much more compressed oxic zone at sites with carbon burial fluxes higher than 1.5 mg Corg m−2 d−1, (2) the authigenic formation of a sub-surface mobilizable Mn(IV) maximum in the upper 5 cm of the sediments and (3) a possibly intensified suboxic-diagenetic growth of polymetallic nodules. As our study provides evidence that authigenic Mn(IV) precipitated in the surface sediments under postulated low glacial O, it contributes to resolving a long-standing controversy concerning the origin of widely observed Mn-rich layers in glacial/deglacial deep-sea sediments

Influence of Ocean Acidification on a Natural Winter-to-Summer Plankton Succession : First Insights from a Long-Term Mesocosm Study Draw Attention to Periods of Low Nutrient Concentrations

Every year, the oceans absorb about 30% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) leading to a re-equilibration of the marine carbonate system and decreasing seawater pH. Today, there is increasing awareness that these changes-summarized by the term ocean acidification (OA)-could differentially affect the competitive ability of marine organisms, thereby provoking a restructuring of marine ecosystems and biogeochemical element cycles. In winter 2013, we deployed ten pelagic mesocosms in the Gullmar Fjord at the Swedish west coast in order to study the effect of OA on plankton ecology and biogeochemistry under close to natural conditions. Five of the ten mesocosms were left unperturbed and served as controls (similar to 380 mu atm pCO(2)), whereas the others were enriched with CO2-saturated water to simulate realistic end-of-the-century carbonate chemistry conditions (mu 760 mu atm pCO(2)). We ran the experiment for 113 days which allowed us to study the influence of high CO2 on an entire winter-to-summer plankton succession and to investigate the potential of some plankton organisms for evolutionary adaptation to OA in their natural environment. This paper is the first in a PLOS collection and provides a detailed overview on the experimental design, important events, and the key complexities of such a "long-term mesocosm" approach. Furthermore, we analyzed whether simulated end-of-the-century carbonate chemistry conditions could lead to a significant restructuring of the plankton community in the course of the succession. At the level of detail analyzed in this overview paper we found that CO2-induced differences in plankton community composition were non-detectable during most of the succession except for a period where a phytoplankton bloom was fueled by remineralized nutrients. These results indicate: (1) Long-term studies with pelagic ecosystems are necessary to uncover OA-sensitive stages of succession. (2) Plankton communities fueled by regenerated nutrients may be more responsive to changing carbonate chemistry than those having access to high inorganic nutrient concentrations and may deserve particular attention in future studies.Peer reviewe

Meeting grief and death as a social worker : A qualitative study on the social worker’s capabilities and opportunities for adequately responding to clients in mourning or clients who live in the immediate presence of death

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vad socialarbetare inom myndighetsutövning har för färdigheter och möjligheter gällande bemötandet av klienter som befinner sig i sorg eller som har döden närvarande i livet. Vi har använt oss av kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer för att besvara våra forskningsfrågor. Resultatet visade att socialarbetare besitter färdigheter såsom empati och självkännedom som de använder vid bemötande av dessa klienter. Socialarbetarens färdigheter kommer från egna erfarenheter. Det framkom att hög arbetsbelastning samt avsaknaden av vidareutbildning och riktlinjer inom organisationen är faktorer som försvårar för socialarbetare att använda sig av sina färdigheter. Faktorer som främjar för socialarbetare att använda sig av sina färdigheter var rimlig arbetsbelastning samt rutiner. Vårt resultat analyserades med hjälp av teorin gräsrotsbyråkrati samt begreppet professionellt bemötande. Detta för att belysa hur socialarbetaren kan använda ett professionellt bemötande och organisationens resurser för att sammankoppla klientens behov med organisationens uppdrag. Det framkom en avsaknad av samtal kring sorg och död bland klienter inom människobehandlande organisationer. Detta överensstämde med avsaknaden om dessa samtalsämnen i det västerländska samhället överlag. Slutligen reflekterade vi över hur ett förändrat samtal om döden skulle kunna leda till att samtalsämnet berörs i större utsträckning inom ramen för socialt arbete. Vi reflekterade även kring hur detta skulle kunna gynna klienter som befinner sig i sorg eller som har döden närvarande. Avslutningsvis berörde vi hur covid-19 pandemin kan komma att påverka detta fenomen.The aim for this study was to investigate social worker’s capabilities and opportunities for adequately responding to clients in mourning or clients who live in the immediate presence of death. We used a qualitative method and semi-structured interviews. The results showed that social workers have skills such as empathy and self-awareness. These are skills that they use while working with these sorts of clients. These skills have developed from the social workers own experiences. The results also showed that high workload and the lack of further education and guidelines within the organizations complicates for the social workers to use their skills. The results have been analyzed with the theory streetlevel-bureaucracy and the concept of professional approach. This have been used to highlight how the social worker can use a professional approach and the organizations resources to connect clients needs and the organizations missions. We found that a dialog about grief and death among clients were missing as a topic of conversations in the organizations. This corresponded with the general lack of conversations about these topics in the western society. In the end of this study, we discussed how a changed conversation about death possibly could increase the conversations about this topic in the social work field. We also discussed how this could be beneficial for clients in mourning or clients who live in the immediate presence of death. In conclusion we mentioned how the covid-19 pandemic could come to affect conversations about these topics.

FreqTag - Example Datasets

exampledata_1.mat is s an EEG (129 electrodes) epoched data, containing 39 trials. It comprises -400ms pre- and 7400ms post-stimulus onset. 500Hz sample rate. During the last 5-s two stimuli flickered at 5Hz and 6Hz. exampledata_2 is an EEG epoched data, containing 15 trials. It comprises of 5-s in which two stimuli flickered at 5Hz and 6Hz

Bulk solid-phase contents of Mn, Fe, Al for sediment cores taken during SONNE cruise SO239 in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ)

This dataset comprises solid-phase bulk sediment manganese, iron and aluminum contents from sediment cores, which were retrieved by a multiple corer (MUC) during RV SONNE expedition SO239 in 2015. During this cruise, different European contract areas for the exploration of polymetallic nodules in the area of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) were visited (BGR, IOM, GSR, IFREMER), which are currently being explored in light of potential future deep-sea mining. Furthermore, one of the protected Areas of Particular Environmental Interest (APEI), more precisely the APEI3 north of the CCZ, was visited. The dataset was produced in the laboratories of the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) Bremerhaven, Germany

Leached contents of different Manganese and Iron mineral phases for sediment cores taken during SONNE cruise SO239 in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ)

This dataset comprises leached contents of different manganese and iron mineral phases from sediment cores, which were retrieved by a multiple corer (MUC) during RV SONNE expedition SO239 in 2015. During this cruise, different European contract areas for the exploration of polymetallic nodules in the area of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) were visited (BGR, IOM, GSR, IFREMER), which are currently being explored in light of potential future deep-sea mining. Furthermore, one of the protected Areas of Particular Environmental Interest (APEI), more precisely the APEI3 north of the CCZ, was visited. For the extraction of various manganese and iron minerals, the extraction schemes after Koschinsky et al. (2001) and Poulton and Canfield (2005) were combined. The leached mineral phases comprise (1) carbonate-associated Mn and Fe (Mncarb; Fecarb), (2) easily reducible/mobilizable Mn- and Fe(oxyhydr)oxides (Mnmobil; Femobil), (3) easily reducible Fe oxides, such as ferrihydrite and lepidocrocite (Feox1) and associated Mn oxides (Mnox1), (4) reducible Fe oxides, such as goethite and hematite (Feox2) and associated Mn oxides (Mnox2) and (5) magnetite (Femag) and associated Mn oxides (Mnmag). The dataset was produced in the laboratories of the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) Bremerhaven, Germany

Calcium phosphate control of REY patterns of siliceous-ooze-rich deep-sea sediments from the central equatorial Pacific

Rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) are often used as proxies for (paleo)environmental conditions and for the reconstruction of element sources and transport pathways. Many geological systems are well described with respect to the behavior of REY but deep-sea sediments with their manifold processes impacting the sediment during early diagenesis leave some questions about the origin and development of the shale-normalized REY (REYSN) patterns unanswered. Here we report REY data for sediment solid phase and pore water from the upper 10 m of deep-sea sediments from the Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the central equatorial Pacific. The solid-phase REY profiles show highest concentrations at depth below 5–8 m. The REYSN patterns show an enrichment in middle REY (MREY) (LaSN/GdSN between 0.35 and 0.60; GdSN/YbSN between 1.19 and 1.47) and either no or negative CeSN and YSN anomalies (i.e. chondritic to sub-chondritic Y/Ho ratios between 24.7 and 28.7). Based on correlation analyses of bulk sediment element concentrations and sequential extractions, we suggest that a Ca phosphate phase controls the distribution and the patterns of REY in these silty clay pelagic sediments rich in siliceous ooze. The MREY enrichment develops at the sediment-water interface and intensifies systematically with depth. The negative CeSN anomaly intensifies with depth possibly because Ce is mostly bound to Mn- and Fe-(oxyhydr)oxides. Therefore, Ce concentrations remain relatively constant throughout the sediment core, while its trivalent REY neighbors are mostly hosted by the Ca phosphate phase that continuously incorporates REY from ambient pore waters. The non-redox-sensitive trivalent REY concentrations increase with depth, producing or enhancing a negative CeSN anomaly through coupled substitution of REY3+ and Na+ for Ca2+. The solid-phase REYSN pattern is therefore determined by the pore-water REYSN pattern and not suitable for paleoceanographic interpretation. The similarity of the pore-water and solid-phase REYSN patterns suggests, however, that only minor fractionation occurs during REY incorporation into the Ca phosphate crystal structure