Alevi-Bektaşi Kültürünün Simgeleri “Dede Türbeleri”nin Korunmasına Bir Örnek: Isparta-İsmail Dede Türbesi

Isparta ist einer der zahlreichen Orte in der Türkei, an denen die alevitisch-bektaschitische Kultur beheimatet ist. In Isparta gibt es zahlreiche Grabmale von Dede, die im Rahmen des Veli-Kultes errichtet wurden. Eines davon ist das Ismail-Dede-Grabmal im Dorf Yakaören, das an die Stadt Isparta angebunden ist und neben Orten wie Gümüşgün, Aliköy und Uluğbey in der Provinz zu den alevitisch-bektaschitisch geprägten Siedlungen gehört. Da es weder ein Fundament noch eine Inschrift gibt, ist das genaue Datum der Errichtung des Grabmals nicht bekannt. Zwar sind das Grab von Scheich İsmail Efendi auf das Jahr 1617 n. Chr. (H. 1026) und der Grabstein des Gehilfen des Dede im Hof auf das Jahr 1891 n. Chr. (H. 1309) datiert, aber der Grundriss des Baus, die Fassadenarchitektur und die beim Bau verwendeten Materialien und Bautechniken legen nahe, dass das Baudatum des Grabmals nicht mit diesen Daten übereinstimmt. Das Grabmal, von dem man annimmt, dass es in den 1960er Jahren repariert oder weitgehend rekonstruiert wurde, sollte unter Wahrung seiner originalen Merkmale restauriert werden. Infolge des Verfalls, der sowohl durch fehlerhafte Reparaturen als auch durch den direkten Kontakt des Bauwerks mit ungünstigen klimatischen Bedingungen (unzureichende Abdeckung und Entwässerungssysteme im Garten) verursacht wurde, haben sich jedoch tiefe Risse an den Hauptwänden gebildet. Insbesondere die Bewegungen der Steine an der Nordfassade des Gebäudes deuten darauf hin, dass das Gebäude jederzeit nach Norden hin einzustürzen droht und dringend einer umfassenden Instandsetzung bedarf.Das Gouverneursamt von Isparta hat Restaurierungsarbeiten an dem Grabmal in die Wege geleitet, die von der Provinzdirektion für Kultur und Tourismus durchgeführt werden. Die Provinzdirektion für Kultur und Tourismus beauftragt in Absprache mit den zuständigen Institutionen und Organisationen Restaurierungsexperten und Architekten mit der Ausarbeitung der Projekte, um diese für die Allgemeinheit so günstig und einfach wie möglich zu gestalten. Die Projekte für die Vermessung, Instandsetzung und Restaurierung des İsmail-Dede-Grabmals wurden von den Autoren dieses Artikels in Absprache mit der Provinzdirektion für Kultur erstellt. Nach Feststellung der räumlichen und strukturellen Probleme des Gebäudes wurden Interventionsentscheidungen getroffen, um diese Probleme zu beseitigen und sicherzustellen, dass das Gebäude seine ursprüngliche räumliche Struktur so weit wie möglich wiedererlangt und seine derzeitige Funktion weiter erfüllen kann. Unser Ziel ist es, einen Beitrag zur Literatur über die Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes zu leisten und das Ismail-Dede-Grabmal als eines der wenigen Dede-Grabmäler in der Region mit seiner ursprünglichen Funktion und seinen ursprünglichen Strukturelementen an künftige Generationen weiterzugeben.Isparta hosted the Alevi - Bektashi Culture and has many Dede Tombs built within the framework of the Veli Cult. İsmail Dede Tomb, located in Yakaören Village of Isparta Provincial Center, which is one of the settlements with Alevi-Bektashi culture such as Gümüşgün, Aliköy and Uluğbey, is one of these tombs. Since there is no foundation charter or inscription, the exact date the building was built is unknown. Although it is known that the tomb of Şeyh İsmail Efendi is dated 1617 A.D. (H. 1026) and the tombstone belonging to the grandfather’s assistant in the courtyard is dated 1891 M. (H. 1309), the plan type of the building, its façade architecture and the materials and structural techniques used in its construction indicate the date of construction of the building. shows that it does not coincide with these dates. The tomb, which is thought to have been repaired or largely reconstructed in the 1960s, needs to be restored while preserving its originality. However, deep cracks have formed in the body walls as a result of both the deterioration caused by faulty repairs and the direct contact of adverse climatic conditions with the structure (insufficient top cover and drainage systems in the garden). In particular, the movement of the stones on the northern façade of the building indicates that the building is in danger of collapsing towards the north at any moment, and it urgently needs comprehensive repairs.Tomb restoration works initiated within the scope of Isparta Governorship are carried out by the Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. The Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism consults with relevant institutions and organizations and assigns the preparation of projects in the most comfortable and easy way for the public benefit to restoration expert architects. The survey, restitution and restoration projects of the Ismail Dede Tomb were also drawn by authors who made an agreement with the Provincial Directorate of Culture. The spatial and structural problems of the building were mentioned, and then the intervention decisions were given to eliminate these problems and to ensure that the building could continue its current function as close to the original space as possible. It is aimed to transfer the Ismail Dede Tomb, one of the few Dede Tombs in this region where the Alevi - Bektashi people live, to future generations with its original function and structural elements, and to contribute to the literature on the conservation of cultural heritage.Isparta Alevi – Bektaşi Kültürüne ev sahipliği yapmış, Veli Kültü çerçevesinde inşa edilmiş birçok Dede Türbesine sahiptir. Gümüşgün, Aliköy, Uluğbey gibi Alevi-Bektaşi kültürüne sahip yerleşmelerden biri olan ve Isparta İl Merkezine bağlı Yakaören Köyünde yer alan İsmail Dede Türbesi de bu türbelerden biridir. Herhangi bir vakfiye ya da kitabesi bulunmadığından, yapının inşa edildiği tarih tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Şeyh İsmail Efendi’nin mezarının M. 1617 (H.1026), avluda dedenin yardımcısına ait mezar taşının ise M. 1891 (H. 1309) tarihli olduğu bilinse de yapının plan tipi, cephe mimarisi ve inşasında kullanılan malzeme ve strüktür tekniği yapının inşa tarihinin bu tarihlerle örtüşmediğini göstermektedir. 1960’lı yıllarda onarıma uğradığı ya da büyük oranda yeniden inşa edildiği düşünülen türbenin özgünlüğünün korunarak restorasyonunun sağlanması gerekmektedir. Ancak gerek hatalı onarımlardan kaynaklanan bozulmalar gerek ise olumsuz iklim koşullarının yapıya direkt temas etmesi (üst örtünün ve bahçedeki drenaj sistemlerinin yetersiz olması) sonucu oluşan bozulmalar neticesinde beden duvarlarında derin çatlaklar oluşmuştur. Özellikle, yapının kuzey cephesinde yer alan taşların hareket etmesi her an yapının kuzey yönüne doğru yıkılma tehlikesine sahip olduğunu göstermekte olup, acilen kapsamlı onarıma ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Isparta Valiliği kapsamında başlatılan türbe restorasyonları çalışmaları, İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü tarafından yürütülmektedir. İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü ilgili kurum ve kuruluşlarla görüşerek kamu yararına en rahat ve kolay olacak şekilde projelerin hazırlanması işlerini restorasyon uzmanı mimarlara vermektedir. İsmail Dede Türbesi’nin rölöve, restitüsyon ve restorasyon projeleri de İl Kültür Müdürlüğü ile anlaşma yapan yazarlar tarafından çizilmiştir. Yapının mekânsal ve yapısal sorunlarına değinilmiş ve sonrasında da bu sorunların giderilmesi ve yapının özgün mekâna en yakın haliyle mevcut işlevini sürdürebilmesine yönelik müdahale kararları aktarılmıştır. Alevi – Bektaşi halkının yaşadığı bu bölgede az sayıdaki Dede Türbelerinden biri olan İsmail Dede Türbesi’nin özgün işlevi ve yapısal öğeleriyle gelecek nesillere aktarılması ve kültürel mirasın korunması ile ilgili literatüre katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır

Effects of Body Mass Index on Adolescents’ Social Comparisons and Body Cathexis in Istanbul

This descriptive-comparative study was carried out to examine the relationship between the distribution of body mass index (BMI) values and scores on the Social Comparison Scale (SCS) and the Body Cathexis Scale (BCS). The study was carried out among 373 randomly selected students who were currently studying at a government private high school (N=208) or a public high school (N=165) located in Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey. The students’ BMI percentile ranges were compared with scores on the BCS and SCS. Data from the study were evaluated statistically by percentages, means, t-tests, tests of analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Kruskall-Wallis test. The mean age (in years) of the participating adolescents was 16.1±0.8. In all, 61% of the participating students were male (N=227), 45% were attending 10th grade (N=169), and 56% (N=208) were attending a government private high school. The great majority (92.5%) of the adolescents had a BMI between the 5th and 95th percentiles (5th to <85th is normal; 85th to <95th is overweight or at risk for obesity). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.93 for the BCS and 0.83 for the SCS. Judging from this study, social comparison and satisfaction with one’s body are not related to BMI among Turkish adolescents. Also according to this study, female Turkish adolescents are more satisfied with their body image than are their male counterparts

Cone beam computed tomographic analysis of maxillary premolars and m olars to detect the relationship between periapical and marginal bone loss and mucosal thickness of maxillary sinus

Background: This study assessed the relationship between mucosal thickness (MT) of the maxillary sinus and periodontal bone loss (PBL) and periapical condition of related teeth. We also aimed to identify the association between root apices and the inferior wall of the maxillary sinus using Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and Methods: In this study, CBCT images of 205 patients with 410 maxillary sinuses were examined, retrospectively. A total of 582 maxillary molars and 587 premolars were observed. The relationship of each root with maxillary sinus and apical lesions of these roots were classified, PBL was examined and the situations of adjacent teeth were estimated. The effect of these conditions on sinus mucosal thickness (MT) was evaluated. Results: There was a significant correlation between MT of maxillary sinus and both PBL and age (r = 0.52, p =0.000 and r = 0.111, p = 0.002, respectively). The frequency of MT increased as the severity of apical lesion enlarged. A positive correlation was found between MT and degree of PBL and periapical lesions. To reveal the association between MT and pulpoperiapical condition bivariate correlation was done and a significant relationship between the pulpoperiapical condition and MT was found (r = 0.17, p =0.000). Conclusions: This retrospective study showed that MT of the maxillary sinus was common among patients with PBL and MT was significantly associated with PBL and apical lesions. The relationship of maxillary sinus to adjacent teeth had also positive correlation with MT. CBCT imaging enabled better evaluation of maxillary sinus, posterior teeth and surrounding structures compared to other imaging tool

Effects of Body Mass Index on Adolescents’ Social Comparisons and Body Cathexis in Istanbul

This descriptive-comparative study was carried out to examine the relationship between the distribution of body mass index (BMI) values and scores on the Social Comparison Scale (SCS) and the Body Cathexis Scale (BCS). The study was carried out among 373 randomly selected students who were currently studying at a government private high school (N=208) or a public high school (N=165) located in Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey. The students’ BMI percentile ranges were compared with scores on the BCS and SCS. Data from the study were evaluated statistically by percentages, means, t-tests, tests of analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Kruskall-Wallis test. The mean age (in years) of the participating adolescents was 16.1±0.8. In all, 61% of the participating students were male (N=227), 45% were attending 10th grade (N=169), and 56% (N=208) were attending a government private high school. The great majority (92.5%) of the adolescents had a BMI between the 5th and 95th percentiles (5th to <85th is normal; 85th to <95th is overweight or at risk for obesity). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.93 for the BCS and 0.83 for the SCS. Judging from this study, social comparison and satisfaction with one’s body are not related to BMI among Turkish adolescents. Also according to this study, female Turkish adolescents are more satisfied with their body image than are their male counterparts

RETROSPECTIVE EVALUATION OF THE PATIENTS SENSITIZED WITH HOUSE DUST MITE

Amaç: Ocak 2002-Aralık 2003 tarihleri arasında epidermal deri prick test sonucunda akar pozitifliği saptanan hastaların değerlendirilmesi. Gereç ve yöntem: 172 hastanın dosyaları retrospektif olarak tarandı. Bulgular: Hastaların 76'sı (%44,2) kız, 96'sı (%55,8) erkek idi. 5-68 yaşlarındaki (Ort 18,92 ± 13,08) hastaların 53'ü (%30,8) astım, 20'si (%11,6) mevsimsel allerjik rinit (MAR), 24'ü (%14) perennial allerjik rinit (PAR), 12'si (%7) ürtiker, 2'si (%1,2) atopik dermatit, 15'i (%8,7) astım ve MAR, 31'i (%18) astım ve PAR, 3'ü (%1,7) astım ve ürtiker, 5'i (%2,9) PAR ve ürtiker, 4'ü (%2,3) MAR ve ürtiker, 1'i (%0,6) astım, PAR ve ürtiker, 2'si (%1,2) astım, MAR ve ürtiker tanıları ile izlenmekteydi. Astım (Ort 5,67 ± 3,79 yıl), MAR (Ort 25,46 ± 15,60) ve PAR'e (Ort 17,40 ± 12,91) göre daha erken yaşlarda ortaya çıkmıştı. 106 hastanın (%61,6) ailesinde atopi mevcuttu. Ig E düzeyleri 7,6-1521 IU/L (Ort 343,61 ± 334,28 IU/L), total eozinofil düzeyleri 0- 1420/mm³ (391,88 ± 213,60/mm³) arasında idi. 77 hastanın (%44) sadece akarlara, 95 hastanın (%56) diğer aeroallerjenlere de duyarlılığı gösterildi. Hastaların 18'ine (% 10,5) immunoterapi uygulanmıştı. Sonuç: Ev tozu akarları; astım, alerjik rinit, atopik dermatit ve ürtikeri de içeren allerjik hastalıkların patogenezinde önemli bir rol oynamakta ve bu allerjenlerden korunma allerjik hastalıkların tedavisinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Objective: To evaluate the patients sensitized with house dust mite between January 2002 - December 2003. Material and method: The files of 172 patients were evaluated retrospectively. Results: 76 (44.2%) of the patients were females, 96 (55.8%) of them were males. 53 (30.8%) of the patients between the ages 5-68 years old (Med 18.92 ± 13.08) were followed as asthma, 20 (11.6%) as seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR), 24 (14%) as perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR), 12 (7%) as urticaria, two (1.2%) as atopic dermatitis, 15 (8.7%) as asthma and SAR, 31 (18%) as asthma and PAR, three (1.7%) as asthma and urticaria, five (2.9%) as PAR and urticaria, four (2.3%) as SAR and urticaria, one (0.6%) as asthma, PAR and urticaria, two (1.2%) as asthma, SAR and urticaria. The asthma seemed to be appear in earlier years (Med 5.67 ± 3.79 years) than SAR (Med 25,46 ± 15.60) and PAR (Med 17.40 ± 12.91). Atopy was present in families of the 106 (61.6%) patients. The Ig E levels of the patients were between 7,6-1521 IU/L (Med 343.61 ± 334.28 IU/L) and total eosinophil levels were between 0-1420/mm³ (391.88 ± 213.60/mm³). 77 (44%) of the patients were sensitized with only the house dust and 95 (56%) of them were sensitized with either other aeroallergens. Immunotherapy was applied to 18 (10,5%) of the patients. Conclusion: House dust mites play a major role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and urticaria and avoidance from these allergens is an important part in the management of the allergic diseases

Rise and shine for eating right: the link between healthy nutrition and chronotype among young adults

AimMany studies have examined the relationship between chronotype and general health. Because healthy eating is the basis of health aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between healthy nutrition attitudes and chronotype in young adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,400 young adults (936 females and 464 males). Chronotype was assessed by the Turkish version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and the Attitude Scale for Healthy Nutrition (ASHN) was applied by face-to-face interview. Furthermore, 24-h dietary recall was collected. The scores of nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were calculated. The anthropometric measurements including body weight and height were taken.ResultsThe chronotype distribution of participants according to the MEQ score and MAR score were not significantly different between females and males (p &gt; 0.05). The percentage of participants with high healthy eating attitude was lowest in the evening chronotype and highest in the morning chronotype (49.7, 37.7 and 25.4% in morning-, intermediate-, evening-types, respectively; p = 0.000 for all groups according to the reciprocal comparisons). There was a positive correlation of the MEQ scores with the scores of ASHN (r = 0.282, p &lt; 0.01). ASHN score was shown to be a predictor for MEQ score (β = 0.280, p = 0.000). Moreover, the score of “poor eating habits” was shown to be highest in the evening chronotype and lowest in the morning chronotype (14.9 ± 3.0 and 13.1 ± 3.0, respectively; p &lt; 0.01).ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that individuals with the evening chronotype are more deficient in terms of healthy nutrition attitudes. Further studies with larger populations will potentially guide the development of health promotion strategies to prevent and treat chronic diseases based on an individual’s chronotype

In a real-life setting, direct-acting antivirals to people who inject drugs with chronic hepatitis c in Turkey

Background: People who inject drugs (PWID) should be treated in order to eliminate hepatitis C virus in the world. The aim of this study was to compare direct-acting antivirals treatment of hepatitis C virus for PWID and non-PWID in a real-life setting. Methods: We performed a prospective, non-randomized, observational multicenter cohort study in 37 centers. All patients treated with direct-acting antivirals between April 1, 2017, and February 28, 2019, were included. In total, 2713 patients were included in the study among which 250 were PWID and 2463 were non-PWID. Besides patient characteristics, treatment response, follow-up, and side effects of treatment were also analyzed. Results: Genotype 1a and 3 were more prevalent in PWID-infected patients (20.4% vs 9.9% and 46.8% vs 5.3%). The number of naïve patients was higher in PWID (90.7% vs 60.0%), while the number of patients with cirrhosis was higher in non-PWID (14.1% vs 3.7%). The loss of follow-up was higher in PWID (29.6% vs 13.6%). There was no difference in the sustained virologic response at 12 weeks after treatment (98.3% vs 98.4%), but the end of treatment response was lower in PWID (96.2% vs 99.0%). In addition, the rate of treatment completion was lower in PWID (74% vs 94.4%). Conclusion: Direct-acting antivirals were safe and effective in PWID. Primary measures should be taken to prevent the loss of follow-up and poor adherence in PWID patients in order to achieve World Health Organization’s objective of eliminating viral hepatitis

The synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles supported catalyst.

TEZ8949Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2013.Kaynakça (s. 59-61) var.xi, 90 s. : res. ; 29 cm.In this study, novel Pd and Mn complexes with Schiff base ligands were synthesized and supported on magnetic iron oxide fort he purpose of easy removal of the catalyst from the reaction media. This was accomplished by first coating the Fe3O4 with silicate and then attaching 3(2-aminoethylamine)propyl-tri metoxysilane to the silicate. The Fe3O4 supported Schiff base Pd complex was obtained as a result of the condensation of the imine group of the supported silane and 2-acetyl pyridine. The Mn complex was prepared by first reacting 3(aminoethylamine)propyl-tri metoxysilane, 2-hydroxy naphtaldehyde and manganese acetate. Then the product of this reaction was attached to the silicate coated Fe3O4 , resulting in the Schiff base Mn complex. All synthesized complexes were characterized by FT-IR, XRD and SEM. The catalytic activities of the Pd complex in a Suzuki reaction and of the Mn complex in an epoxidation reaction were observed. The magnetic nanoparticle supported catalysts were removed the reaction media easily via decantation with magnets.Bu çalışmada, reaksiyon ortamlarından kolay ayırabilme amacıyla manyetik demir oksit üzerine desteklenmiş Schiff bazı ligantlarının Pd ve Mn kompleksleri sentezlenmiştir. Bu amaçla ilk aşamada Fe3O4 silikat ile kaplanmış, sonrasında silikat üzerine 3(2-aminoetilamin)propil-tri metoksisilan bağlanmıştır. Fe3O4 destekli silanın amin grubunun 2 asetil piridin ile kondenzasyonu sonucu elde edilen manyetik Fe3O4 destekli Schiff bazının Pd kompleksi hazırlanmıştır. Mn kompleksinin hazırlanmasında ise 3(aminoetil amin)propiltrimetoksi silan ile 2- hidroksi naftaldehit mangan asetat eşliğinde kalıp etkiden yararlanılarak sentezlenmiştir. Sentezlenen bu bileşik silikat kaplı Fe3O4'e bağlanarak Fe3O4 destekli Schiff bazı Mn kompleksi oluşturulmuştur. Sentezlenen bileşik ve ara ürünlerin yapıları FT-IR, XRD ve SEM analiz yöntemleri ile aydınlatılmıştır. Sentezlenen Pd kompleksinin katalitik etkinliği Suzuki tepkimesinde, Mn kompleksinin ise epoksidasyon tepkimesi üzerinde belirlenmiştir. Manyetik nano tanecik üzerine destekli katalizörler reaksiyon sonrası mıknatısla sabitlenerek dekantasyon yoluyla kolaylıkla reaksiyon ortamından ayrılmıştır.Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: FEF2012YL019

Bizans resim sanatında perspektif

Genelde sanat tarihinde Bizans, özelde resim sanatı tarihinde Bizans resim sanatı özel bir yere sahiptir. Onun bu özelliği tamamen kendine özgü karakterinden kaynaklanmaktadır.Bizans resim sanatında perspektif konusu incelenirken bir teknik olarak perspektif tekniğinin açıklanması, sınıflandırılması, insan algısının ve algı hatalarının kavranması gerekmektedir. Tüm bunların ışığında Bizans resim sanatının ana karakteri, bu karakteri oluşturan temel özellikleri göz önüne alınmalıdır. Tez çalışmamızda da benzer bir yol izlenmiştir. İzlenen yöntem ışığında Bizans resminde perspektif uygulamalarına dair bir sonuca ulaşmak hedeflenmiştirByzantium has special status in History Art and also Byzantium Painting Art is important for History of Painting. This special feature is based on its own characteristic.Explaining and classifying perspective, human perception and its errors are very important parameters while examine perspective in History of Byzantium Painting. Besides, main characteristic of Byzantium is also significant. These features is take in notice in this thesis. The aim is to see perspective in Byzantium Paintings