Predicting Student Pragmatic Social Skills Development by Student Age and Behavior Classification

Over the course of a decade, schools have experienced an increase in inappropriate student behaviors and suspensions with a decrease in teacher retention. Students are demonstrating intensive externalizing and internalizing behaviors that are producing a negative effect on their success in the classroom, with low teacher efficacy in knowing how to properly address those behaviors and concerns. Students receiving special education services in behavior tend to experience challenges with more than just behavior but tend to only experience addressing of behavior. Studies have shown that an increased number of students with a behavioral disorder are more likely to have an undiagnosed language impairment. The sample size was drawn from a Washington school district. There were56 participants who had special education classifications of either specific learning disability (SLD), other health impairment (OHI), or emotional behavior disturbance (EBD). This study administers the Pragmatic Language Observation Scale (PLOS) to measure not only the likelihood of a student presenting with a deficit in their pragmatic language, but to measure the effectiveness of direct instruction, addressing pragmatic communication on the student’s behavior. A predictive correlational research design was implemented to allow the researcher to evaluate the intervention administered to measure its effectiveness. The results from the multiple linear regression demonstrated no significant predictive relationship between student social interaction and the students age and behavior classification, resulting in a failure to reject the null hypothesis. A recommendation for future research could include an increase in participants as well as the collection of pre and post data

Galilean invariance and homogeneous anisotropic randomly stirred flows

The Ward-Takahashi (WT) identities for incompressible flow implied by Galilean invariance are derived for the randomly forced Navier-Stokes equation (NSE), in which both the mean and fluctuating velocity components are explicitly present. The consequences of Galilean invariance for the vertex renormalization are drawn from this identity.Comment: REVTeX 4, 4 pages, no figures. To appear as a Brief Report in the Physical Review

Gauge symmetry and Slavnov-Taylor identities for randomly stirred fluids

The path integral for randomly forced incompressible fluids is shown to have an underlying Becchi-Rouet-Stora (BRS) symmetry as a consequence of Galilean invariance. This symmetry must be respected to have a consistent generating functional, free from both an overall infinite factor and spurious relations amongst correlation functions. We present a procedure for respecting this BRS symmetry, akin to gauge fixing in quantum field theory. Relations are derived between correlation functions of this gauge fixed, BRS symmetric theory, analogous to the Slavnov-Taylor identities of quantum field theory.Comment: 5 pages, no figures, In Press Physical Review Letters, 200

Heuristic Thinking and Limited Attention in the Car Market

Can heuristic information processing affect important product markets? We explore whether the tendency to focus on the left-most digit of a number affects how used car buyers incorporate odometer values in their purchase decisions. Analyzing over 22 million wholesale used-car transactions, we find substantial evidence of this left-digit bias; there are large and discontinuous drops in sale prices at 10,000-mile thresholds in odometer mileage, along with smaller drops at 1,000-mile thresholds. We obtain estimates for the inattention parameter in a simple model of this left-digit bias. We also investigate whether this heuristic behavior is primarily attributable to the final used-car customers or the used-car salesmen who buy cars in the wholesale market. The evidence is most consistent with partial inattention by final customers. We discuss the significance of these results for the literature on inattention and point to other market settings where this type of heuristic thinking may be important. Our results suggest that information-processing heuristics may be important even in markets with large stakes and where information is easy to observe.

Canonical BRST Quantisation of Worldsheet Gravities

We reformulate the BRST quantisation of chiral Virasoro and $W_3$ worldsheet gravities. Our approach follows directly the classic BRST formulation of Yang-Mills theory in employing a derivative gauge condition instead of the conventional conformal gauge condition, supplemented by an introduction of momenta in order to put the ghost action back into first-order form. The consequence of these simple changes is a considerable simplification of the BRST formulation, the evaluation of anomalies and the expression of Wess-Zumino consistency conditions. In particular, the transformation rules of all fields now constitute a canonical transformation generated by the BRST operator $Q$, and we obtain in this reformulation a new result that the anomaly in the BRST Ward identity is obtained by application of the anomalous operator $Q^2$, calculated using operator products, to the gauge fermion.Comment: 27 pages. (Some factors of \hbar corrected

Higher Loop Anomalies and their Consistency Conditions in Nonlocal Regularization

An algebraic program of computation and characterization of higher loop BRST anomalies is presented. We propose a procedure for disentangling a genuine{\it local} higher loop anomaly from the quantum dressings of lower loop anomalies. For such higher loop anomalies we derive a local consistency condition, which is the generalisation of the Wess-Zumino condition for the one-loop anomaly. The development is presented in the framework of the field-antifield formalism, making use of a nonlocal regularization method. The theoretical construction is exemplified by explicitly computing the two-loop anomaly of chiral $W_3$ gravity. We also give, for the first time, an explicit check of the local two--loop consistency condition that is associated with this anomaly.Comment: 26 pages, LaTeX2e or LaTeX2.09, 1 figure (uses epsf