Characterization and distribution of sedimentary facies of Cartagena Bay, Colombia.

En el análisis sedimentológico de 253 muestras de sedimentos de fondo y borde de playa de la Bahía de Cartagena, se identificaron 26 facies sedimentarias. Las muestras fueron tomadas con draga tipo Van Veen para el fondo, multimuestreador de sedimento tipo Beeker y apiques para los bordes de playa. Las muestras fueron tamizadas y se obtuvieron 15 categorías de acuerdo al tamaño de grano, posteriormente se realizó el análisis de carbonato de calcio (CaCO3) usando el calcímetro de Bernard. Los sedimentos fueron clasificados de acuerdo con el tamaño medio de grano y el contenido de CaCO3, para definir las facies sedimentarias existentes, donde la facies lodo litoclástico es la más representativa y se distribuye en la bahía interna y externa; al norte y sur de la Isla de Tierra Bomba. Se encontró que durante los últimos 30 años la distribución de las facies sedimentarias ha experimentado variaciones significativas: en la bahía interna ha disminuido el contenido de CaCO3 y al suroeste ha disminuido el tamaño de grano y el contenido de CaCO3; como resultado del creciente aporte de sedimentos del Canal de Dique y las condiciones oceanográficas presentes. Estas condiciones hidrodinámicas favorecen la meteorización y erosión de las formaciones coralinas presentes en el Caribe Colombiano.In the sedimentological analysis of 253 sediment samples from the edges and the bottom of the Cartagena bay, we identified 26 sedimentary facies. Samples were taken with Van Veen dredge for the bottom sediment Beeker multisampler and test pits for shorelines. Using the Bernard calcimeter we carried out the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) analysis in every sieved sample. Sediments were classified according to the average grain size and content of CaCO3, to define the existing sedimentary facies, where mud litoclast facies was the most representative and distributed to the north and south of the Tierra Bomba in the internal and external bay. We found that during the past 30 years the distribution of sedimentary facies has experienced significant changes: in the inner bay the content of CaCO3 has decreased and in the southwest the grain size and content of CaCO3 have decreased, as a result of the sediments contribution from Canal del Dique and present oceanographic conditions. These hydrodynamic conditions contribute to the weathering and erosion of coral formations present in the Colombian CaribbeanFil: Franco Arias, Diana Aillen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Instituto Geológico del Sur; Argentina. Universidad Industrial de Santander; ColombiaFil: Restrepo López, J. C.. Universidad del Norte; ColombiaFil: Sanabria Ruiz, N. Y.. Universidad Industrial de Santander; ColombiaFil: Gutierrez, Julio C.. Centro de Investigaciones Oceanográficas e Hidrográficas; Colombi

Dietitians use and recommend dietary supplements: report of a survey

BACKGROUND: Dietary supplement use is common in the United States, with more than half of the population using such products. Nutrition authorities consistently advocate a "food first" approach to achieving nutritional adequacy but some, including the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (formerly the American Dietetic Association), also recognize that dietary supplements have a role to play in improving nutrient intake to support health and wellness. Surveys show that many health professionals use dietary supplements themselves and also recommend dietary supplements to their patients or clients. METHODS: As one component of a series of surveys of healthcare professionals (the "Life...supplemented" HCP Impact Studies), 300 registered dietitians were surveyed in 2009 regarding their personal use of dietary supplements and whether they recommend dietary supplements to their clients. Respondents were registered dietitians whose business involved seeing clients in a private practice or at a clinic. RESULTS: Seventy-four percent of the dietitians surveyed said they were regular users of dietary supplements, while 22% said they used dietary supplements occasionally or seasonally. The primary reasons for using dietary supplements were for bone health (58%), overall health and wellness (53%), and to fill nutrient gaps (42%). When asked if they "ever recommend dietary supplements to clients," 97% of the respondents said they did. The primary reasons were for bone health (70%), to fill nutrient gaps (67%), and overall health and wellness (49%). Eighty-seven percent of the dietitians agreed with the statement, "There are gaps in clients' diets that could effectively be addressed with dietary supplements." The dietitians surveyed said they followed healthy habits including eating a balanced diet (96%), managing stress (92%), visiting their own healthcare professional regularly (86%), exercising regularly (83%), maintaining a healthy weight (80%), and getting a good night's sleep (72%). Nearly all respondents (95%) expressed an interest in continuing education about dietary supplements on a variety of topics. CONCLUSIONS: Many dietitians, like other health professionals, use dietary supplements regularly as part of their own approach to a healthy diet and lifestyle. They also recommend dietary supplements to their clients or patients, to promote health

Novas narrativas sociais: as práticas de mídia livre através do audiovisual

Dissertação de mestrado apresentada à Escola Superior de Comunicação Social como parte dos requisitos para obtenção de grau de mestre em Audiovisual e Multimédia.Com a proliferação e popularização dos aparatos móveis de comunicação digital e o avanço dos dispositivos conectados à Internet, a mídia ganhou novos contornos, tanto quantitativos quanto qualitativos. O intenso fluxo de mudanças, em constante curso e evolução, trouxe para as mãos do grande público o material e espaço necessários para ser ativo na transmissão de mensagens na sociedade; em contrapartida, gerou uma perda do controle do conteúdo, excesso de informação disponível e inúmeros novos formatos de transmissão. Este trabalho pretende revisitar a bibliografia da área ao longo das últimas décadas, ressaltando os debates e teorias levantadas de acordo com as principais mudanças na Comunicação Social. As principais características da cada época trarão um contexto macro de manifestações sociais que hoje também apresentam-se no contexto micro. O uso social dos meios de comunicação é o foco e ponto chave para discutir o papel social, efetivo ou potencial, da mídia. Para que o benefício de controlar os meios de produção da informação, bem como aproveitar a liberdade presente no ciberespaço, seja utilizado em prol da sociedade e em favor da democracia. A importância histórica e social do discurso e da narrativa será explicado para comprovar a importância do debate sobre a mídia livre, assim como as suas principais características e práticas, ilustradas através do objeto de estudo, o coletivo Mídia NINJA.ABSTRACT: With the proliferation and popularization of mobile digital communication devices and the advancement of devices connected to the Internet, the media has gained new contours, both quantitative and qualitative. The intense flow of change, in constant progress and evolution, has brought into the hands of the general public the material and space necessary to be active in the transmission of messages in society; on the other hand, generated a loss of control of the content, excessive information available and numerous new transmission formats. This work intends to revisit the bibliography of the area over the last decades, highlighting the debates and theories raised according to the main changes in social communication. The main characteristics of each period will bring a macro context of social manifestations that today also present themselves in the micro context. The social use of the media is the focus and key point to discuss the social role, effective or potential, of the media. So that the benefit of controlling the means of information production, as well as taking advantage of the freedom present in cyberspace, be used for the benefit of society and for democracy. The historical and social importance of discourse and narrative will be explained to prove the importance of the debate about free media, as well as its main characteristics and practices, illustrated through the object of study, the collective Mídia NINJA.N/

Behaviour of Fish in Bottom-Trawling Gear to Assess the Effectiveness of Cetacean Excluder Devices and Codend Selectivity Modifications

The selective retention of fish is a consequence of size and species-dependent fish behaviour during the trawling process. The observation of fish reactions to trawl gear is critical to understanding the behavioural mechanisms responsible for trawl selectivity and to develop future trawl gear for research. In demersal trawling, there is a need to develop more species-selective trawls to minimize discarding and bycatch in multispecies fisheries. This requires observational tools that can operate at depths and light levels encountered by the commercial fleets and with the ability to quantify the herding and capture efficiency by species and age groups of such gears. A range of optical and acoustic observation techniques has been developed over the past few decades to assist in these goals. Work with underwater cameras in fishing gear varies from the simple observation of the presence of certain species during capture to the study of the complex interactions of fishing gear and species during the trawling process. Previous work seems to show that there are different response patterns in the general behaviour of some fish species when entering a trawl. One of these behaviours is that the vertical preference in the trawl cavity differs between species. Several authors have complemented behavioural studies carried out at sea with experimental studies to further explore the interaction between fish and fishing gear. Some authors indicate that the vertical preferences of some fish species change as they move through the net towards the codend. This implies that behavioural selection can potentially change along the horizontal axis of the fishing net. A description of the bycatch (cetaceans, sharks, and skates) and fish behaviour within bottom trawling gear was given through the use of underwater cameras. The objective was to determine the most suitable fishing gear configurations to prevent the escape of the fishing catch during fishing trials carried out to test the operation of dolphin-exclusion devices and selective codends. The behaviours recorded by the cameras were classified into seven types of behaviour: orientation, reaction, resistance, re-entry, final entry, escape attempts, and panic reaction

Placental thrombosis in acute phase abortions during experimental Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep

43 p.After oral administration of ewes during mid gestation with 2000 freshly prepared sporulated oocysts of T. gondii isolate M4, abortions occurred between days 7 and 11 in 91.6% of pregnant and infected ewes. Afterwards, a further infection was carried out at late gestation in another group of sheep with 500 sporulated oocysts. Abortions happened again between days 9 and 11 post infection (pi) in 58.3% of the infected ewes. Classically, abortions in natural and experimental ovine toxoplasmosis usually occur one month after infection. Few experimental studies have reported the so-called acute phase abortions as early as 7 to 14 days after oral inoculation of oocysts, and pyrexia was proposed to be responsible for abortion, although the underline mechanism was not elucidated. In the present study, all placentas analysed from ewes suffering acute phase abortions showed infarcts and thrombosis in the caruncullar villi of the placentomes and ischemic lesions (periventricular leukomalacia) in the brain of some foetuses. The parasite was identified by PCR in samples from some placentomes of only one sheep, and no antigen was detected by immunohistochemical labelling. These findings suggest that the vascular lesions found in the placenta, and the consequent hypoxic damage to the foetus, could be associated to the occurrence of acute phase abortions. Although the pathogenesis of these lesions remains to be determined, the infectious dose or virulence of the isolate may play a role in their developmentS

La unidad de producción familiar caprina: promotora del avance socioeconómico en la Mixteca Poblana, México

The present work establishes that the family production unit (UPF) goats, represents the form of basic support in the various socio-economic activities of the Mixteca Puebla. Since through the various transformations of goat production, establishing the platform of a savings and consumption economy, which sustains and benefits the community life in the region. The objective was to: Determine the goat family production unit in promoting socio-economic progress of the Mixteca Puebla in Mexico. We used a questionnaire type survey as an interview, covering social, economic and zootechnical established in the structural model proposed by Raj. The results show in education for family members of the UPF goats, certain significant levels for middle and high school, 10 Tehuaxtla UPF of 50 % reached in the high school level, 73 % of farmers receive funds from the United States and the 27 % do not have this funding. Finally, within zootechnical activity, cost of production / goats $121.05 and net profit / goats reached$ 679.57 showing a standard deviation of ± 85.58 , relative to other indicators of production within the system used in the Mixteca region of Puebla.El presente trabajo establece que la unidad de producción familiar (UPF) caprina, representa la forma de manutención básica en las distintas actividades socioeconómicas de la Mixteca Poblana. Ya que a través de las diferentes transformaciones de la producción caprina, se crea la plataforma de una economía de ahorro y autoconsumo, la cual sustenta y beneficia la vida comunitaria en esa región. El objetivo fue: Determinar a la unidad de producción familiar caprina como promotora del avance socioeconómico de la Mixteca Poblana en México. Se empleó una encuesta tipo cuestionario en forma de entrevista, abarcando aspectos sociales, económicos y zootécnicos establecidos en el modelo estructural propuesto por Raj. Los resultados arrojan en cuanto a educación para los integrantes familiares de las UPF caprinas, ciertos niveles significativos para secundaria y bachillerato; 10 UPF de Tehuaxtla alcanzaron 50% en el nivel bachillerato; 73% de los productores reciben recursos de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y el 27% restante no tienen este financiamiento. Finalmente, dentro de la actividad zootécnica, tienen un costo de producción/caprino de $121,05 y su beneficio neto/caprino alcanzo$ 679,57 mostrando una desviación estándar de ±85.58, en relación a otros indicadores productivos dentro del sistema empleado en la región Mixteca de Puebla

Incidence and Duration of Type-Specific Human Papillomavirus Infection in High-Risk HPV-Naïve Women: Results from the Control Arm of a Phase II HPV-16/18 Vaccine Trial

OBJECTIVES: Persistence of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is necessary for cervical carcinogenesis. We evaluated incidence and duration of type-specific HPV infections and the influence of age and number of sexual partners. METHODS: Data were obtained from 553 women (15-25 years), who were seronegative and DNA-negative for high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) types and were enrolled in the placebo arm of a randomised trial of the HPV-16/18 vaccine (NCT00689741/NCT00120848). They were followed for 6.3 years. Cervicovaginal samples were self-collected at 3-month intervals for up to 27 months, and cervical samples were collected by clinicians at 6-month intervals until study end. Samples were tested for HPV types using a broad-spectrum PCR assay. Incidence rate ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs were used to estimate the association among age, sexual habits and HPV acquisition. RESULTS: Incidence rates (95% CI) using cervical samples were 11.8 (10.4 to 13.4) and 5.6 (4.7 to 6.6) per 1000 women-months for HR-HPVs and low-risk HPVs (LR-HPVs), respectively. Equivalent rates in combined cervicovaginal and cervical samples were 17.2 (15.4 to 19.2) and 6.9 (5.9 to 8.0), respectively. 54 per cent of HR-HPV types from combined cervicovaginal and cervical samples persisted for 1 year compared with 32.3% for LR-HPV types. The risk of acquiring any HPV infection was higher among women aged(RR=1.33, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.7) and women having \u3e1 sexual partner (RR=1.83, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.4) at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: HR-HPV infections were more common and lasted longer on average than LR-HPV infections. HPV acquisition was more common in younger women with multiple sexual partners

Variaciones en el número y función de los linfocitos asesinos naturales durante infecciones recurrentes o graves

Introduction: The information about defects affecting natural killer cell (NK) development and activity in patients with an abnormal increase of recurrent infections is scarce.Objective: To perform a systematic analysis of NK abnormalities in patients with recurrent infections.Materials and methods: Our study enrolled twenty patients with severe or recurrent viral infections. Natural killer cell subsets, surface receptors expression and cytotoxicity were analyzed. Results were compared with those from age- and sex-matched healthy controls.Results: Transient alterations were observed in the percentages and absolute numbers of NK cells in patients with infection active episodes. We also described five patients with stable disturbances in the distribution of NK cell subpopulations. These defects are mainly due to a decrease in the CD56dimCD16bright cells in peripheral blood. In addition, NK cell function abnormalities were observed in some patients, however, those were always transient and mainly associated to active disease.Conclusions: These findings demonstrate transient alterations in the percentages and absolute numbers of NK cells in patients with recurrent or severe infection. Also, stable disturbances in CD56dimCD16bright NK cells are observed in these patients. Nevertheless, these parameters must be thoroughly studied to determine the mechanisms that entail these immune abnormalities and investigate how they alter the immune response.Introducción. Existen pocos datos sobre los defectos que afectan el desarrollo y función de los linfocitos asesinos naturales (natural killers, NK) en pacientes con un incremento anormal en la recurrencia de infecciones.Objetivo. Realizar una evaluación sistemática de las diferentes subpoblaciones y la función de estas células en pacientes con infecciones recurrentes.Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron 20 pacientes con infecciones graves o recurrentes y se analizaron las subpoblaciones y la respuesta citotóxica de los linfocitos NK en sangre periférica. Los resultados de los pacientes se compararon con controles sanos pareados por edad y sexo.Resultados. Los pacientes con episodios infecciosos activos presentaron anormalidades transitorias en el porcentaje o el número absoluto de linfocitos NK. Se caracterizaron, además, cinco pacientes con alteraciones persistentes en la distribución de las subpoblaciones de linfocitos NK. Estas alteraciones se debieron principalmente a la disminución de células CD56dimCD16bright. Se evidenciaron, también, defectos en la función de los linfocitos NK en algunos de nuestros pacientes; sin embargo, estas alteraciones fueron transitorias y se asociaron principalmente a la fase activa de la enfermedad.Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados evidencian defectos transitorios en el número y función de los linfocitos NK en pacientes con infecciones recurrentes o graves, además de alteraciones persistentes en los LNK CD56dimCD16bright en algunos individuos. Es necesario profundizar en los mecanismos que conllevan al desarrollo de estos defectos inmunes y estudiar cómo estas alteraciones influyen en la respuesta inmune