Economic paper ; 1

Report presenting a compilation of the records of copper production since the year 1800

Does Secondhand Smoke Affect the Development of Dental Caries in Children? A Systematic Review

This review evaluated evidence of the relationship between secondhand smoke (SHS) and dental caries in children in epidemiological studies. Relevant literature was searched and screened, and the methodological quality was assessed. The search yielded 42 citations. High-quality studies including one cohort format and 14 case-control format studies were selected. Early childhood caries was examined in 11 studies. The independent association of SHS was significant in 10 studies, and the strength was mostly weak to moderate. One study did not select SHS as a significant variable. Three studies reported decreases in the risk of previous exposure, and the association was not significant. Dose-response relationships were evident in five studies. Permanent teeth were examined in seven studies. Five studies reported significant associations, which were mostly weak. The risk of previous exposure remained similar to that of current exposure, and a dose-response relationship was not evident in one study. The overall evidence for the causal association in early childhood caries is possible regarding epidemiological studies, and the evidence of permanent teeth and the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy were insufficient. The results warrant further studies of deciduous teeth using a cohort format and basic studies regarding the underlying mechanism

The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2010

The Generation R Study is a population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life until young adulthood. The study is designed to identify early environmental and genetic causes of normal and abnormal growth, development and health during fetal life, childhood and adulthood. The study focuses on four primary areas of research: (1) growth and physical development; (2) behavioural and cognitive development; (3) diseases in childhood; and (4) health and healthcare for pregnant women and children. In total, 9,778 mothers with a delivery date from April 2002 until January 2006 were enrolled in the study. General follow-up rates until the age of 4 years exceed 75%. Data collection in mothers, fathers and preschool children included questionnaires, detailed physical and ultrasound examinations, behavioural observations, and biological samples. A genome wide association screen is available in the participating children. Regular detailed hands on assessment are performed from the age of 5 years onwards. Eventually, results forthcoming from the Generation R Study have to contribute to the development of strategies for optimizing health and healthcare for pregnant women and children

High Birth Weight Is a Risk Factor of Dental Caries Increment during Adolescence in Sweden

This study aimed to assess whether birth weight is associated with dental caries during the teenage period. In this register-based cohort study, all children of 13 years of age (n = 18,142) who resided in the county of Stockholm, Sweden, in 2000, were included. The cohort was followed until individuals were 19 years of age. Information regarding dental caries was collected from the Public Health Care Administration in Stockholm. Data concerning prenatal and perinatal factors and parental socio-demographic determinants were collected from the Swedish Medical Birth Register and National Registers at Statistics Sweden. The final logistic regression model showed that birth weight ≥4000 g, adjusted for potential confounders, was significantly associated with caries increment (DMFT ≥ 1 (D = decayed, M = missing, F = filled, T = teeth)) between 13 and 19 age (OR, 1.22; 95% CI = 1.09–1.36). The relatively enhanced risk OR was further increased from 1.22 to 1.43 in subjects with birth weight ≥4600 g. On the contrary, subjects with birth weight <2500 g exhibited a significantly lower risk (OR, 0.67; 95% CI = 0.50–0.89) for exhibiting caries experience (DMFT ≥ 4) at 19 years of age. In conclusion, high birth weight can be regarded as a predictor for dental caries, and especially, birth weight ≥4500 g is a risk factor for caries increment during adolescence

Prenatal, socio-demographic and oral hygiene-related risk factors on dental caries and periodontal conditions in adolescents : Clinical and register-based studies

The overall aim of these studies was to identify risk determinants for dental caries and periodontal conditions in adolescents using clinical and register-based data. This thesis is based on two parts. Part 1 (Papers I and II) constitutes the clinical and radiographic cross-sectional studies of 800 19-year-olds living in seven suburbs of Stockholm with different socioeconomic profiles. Part 2 (Papers III and IV), was designed as a longitudinal register-based cohort study and included all adolescents (n=18,142) at 13 years of age who resided in the county of Stockholm, Sweden, in 2000, and followed them up to 19 years of age. Finally, 15538 subjects were examined. Socio-demographic and health related information was collected from local and national data sources. The novel findings are that the prenatal factors maternal smoking and maternal overweight during the first trimester are identified as risk factors for caries increment in their offspring between 13 and 19 years of age. In addition, our results disclosed that parental immigrant background is a risk factor of caries development during adolescence, irrespective of whether the child was born in Sweden or abroad. These children developed 53% and 109% more approximal caries lesions, respectively, compared to their counterparts with Swedish-born parents. Further, children born in eastern Europe, or western Europe exhibited an increased risk for approximal caries increment, and developed 83% and 46% more approximal caries lesions, respectively, compared to Swedish-born adolescents. We also found that variables significantly associated with high caries experience at 19 years of age were dental fear, gingival inflammation, irregular toothbrushing at night and a mother born abroad. In addition, an increased relative risk for incipient alveolar bone loss was found in subjects with the presence of subgingival calculus as well as one or more proximal restoration(s). The main conclusions from this thesis are that: 1) maternal overweight and smoking are identified as new risk factors for caries development in offspring; 2) children with foreign-born parents, irrespective of whether the children were born in Sweden or not and children born in eastern Europe should be regarded as risk patients for dental caries; 3) dental fear, gingival inflammation, a foreignborn mother and irregular toothbrushing at night are variables strongly associated with high caries experience in 19-year-olds; and 4) adolescents with subgingival calculus and proximal restorations are at higher relative risk of exhibiting incipient alveolar bone loss compared with those without

Patient's experiences of suffering a stroke : A literature-based study

Bakgrund: Stroke är ett sjukdomstillstånd som skadar hjärnvävnaden. Tillståndet innebär stora konsekvenser för de drabbade. De patienter som drabbats av stroke känner oftast skam och förtvivlan med en förlorad livsglädje som resultat. Idag upptar sjukdomsgruppen flest antal vårdplatser på sjukhusen runtom i Sverige. Med ökad kunskap i omhändertagande i kombination med stöttning för patienten efter insjuknandet, kan känslan av förlorad livskvalitet minskas markant. Syftet: Syfte med denna studie var att belysa patienters erfarenheter av att drabbas av stroke. Metod: En litteraturbaserad studie där 12 kvalitativa artiklar har analyserats. Resultat: Ur analysen av datamaterialet framträdde tre kategorier: Tappat kontrollen över sin kropp, Hamnar i beroendeställning och Återfå ett liv som självständig med åtta underkategorier. Slutsats: Studien bidrar med kunskap om patienters erfarenheter efter att ha drabbats av en stroke. Det kan vara omtumlande känslor att bearbeta för dessa patienter. Behovet av stöd är nödvändigt för att patienterna ska finna livskvalité. Motivation, hopp och uppmuntran stärker patientens självförtroende och leder till ett ökat välbefinnande. Genom en ökad förståelse för patientens upplevelser efter insjuknandet kan sjuksköterskan främja patientens hälsa och välbefinnande.

Catalogue vs. Web shop : a study of product presentation of fashion goods in distance trade

The survey Distanshandeln idag 2005, made by the Swedish postal service, tells us that web shops started to pop up in the 1990´s and began competing with the catalogue sells in the end of the decade. Ten years ago, it was said that the web shops would take over the distance trade market. Today we know that did not happen. Internet shopping accounted for 4, 2 % of all distance shopping in Sweden last year. Our inquiry is guided by the observation that the catalogue is still in use and moreover, it seems to have changed very little from when we were kids. It might be that the catalogue has potentials that the Internet lacks. Hence, this study aims to identify and describe differences between mail-order catalogues and web shops in the presentation of fashion products. The theoretical frame of reference for this study consists of literature on marketing, brands, and fashion marketing by catalogue and Internet. This is primary an empirical study and the literature's function is that of inspiration and support for us in our analysis and our conclusions. The empirical material consists of a survey on the mail-order company Ellos’s spring and summer catalogue of 2009, and their web shop for the same time period. First we constructed a set of mutually exclusive criteria to apply in our analysis (e.g., colour, perspective and information). A number of standard garments were then chosen, and for each of these garments, we applied our model and performed a comparative analysis. To give the reader a better understanding of the survey's result, we included images to show specific phenomena along with our findings. The main differences between catalogues and web shops could be summarized as follows: Web shops provides immediate information about stock status and campaign prices, this cannot be done in the catalogue. The catalogues on their hand provides the customer with a lot of ideas on how to wear, and how to combine the different garments. This could easily be achieved in the web shop too, and we find it a bit surprising that it is not.Program: Textilekonomutbildninge

Nurse anaesthetist's experiences of being responsible for the emergency phone and participate in alarm situations : An interview study

Bakgrund: I akuta situationer sammanflätas olika professioners kunskaper för att möta den akut sjuka patienten. Att vara anestesisjuksköterska på en operationsavdelning kan innebära ett ansvar för en larmtelefon och ställer höga krav på anestesisjuksköterskans kompetens. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva anestesisjuksköterskors upplevelser av att ansvara för larmtelefonen samt medverka vid larmsituationer. Metod: En kvalitativ metod valdes och data samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Åtta intervjuer hölls med anestesisjuksköterskor på ett medelstort sjukhus i västra Sverige. Datamaterialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra teman: Att utmanas och utvecklas i sin profession, Ett strukturerat arbetssätt, Scenarioträning skapar trygghet och Vikten av kollegialt stöd. Dessa delades in i åtta subteman. Konklusion: Att ansvara förlarmtelefonen har visat sig vara utvecklande för anestesisjuksköterskan och följer Benners omvårdnadsteori. Ett strukturerat arbetssätt ökar förutsättningarna för ett bra patientomhändertagande och skapar trygghet för anestesisjuksköterskan i larmsituationen. Samarbetet främjas av god kommunikation och ett tydligt ledarskap. Att få stöttning av erfarna kollegor i larmsituationen är en trygghet som har stor betydelse när anestesisjuksköterskan är ny i yrkesrollen. Simuleringsträningar förbättrade kommunikationen i teamet. Även möjlighet till reflektion har en stor betydelse för anestesisjuksköterskan.Background: In emergency situations, the knowledge of different professionals is united to meet the acutely ill patient. Being an nurse anaesthetist in an operating room may involve a responsibility for an emergency phone which demands high competence in the nurse anaesthetist. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the nurse anaesthetist’s experiences of being responsible for the emergency phone and participate in alarm situations. Method: A qualitative method was selected and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Eight interviews were conducted with nurses anaesthetist’s at a medium-sized hospital in western Sweden. The data material was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results:The analysis resulted in four themes: To be challenged and developed in their profession, A structured way of working, Scenario training generates safety and The importance of collegial support. These were divided into eight subthemes. Conclusion: To be responsible for the emergency phone has proven to be developing for the nurse anaesthetist and follows Benner's nursing theory. A structured way of working increases the conditions for good patient care and generates safety for the nurse anaesthetist in the alarm situation. The collaboration is promoted by good communication and distinct leadership. Getting support from experienced colleagues in the alarm situation felt as a safety and were significant for the anesthesia nurse who were new to the professional role. Simulation training improved the communication in the team, and the opportunity for reflection proved to be of great importance to the anesthesia nurse

Nurse anaesthetist's experiences of being responsible for the emergency phone and participate in alarm situations : An interview study

Bakgrund: I akuta situationer sammanflätas olika professioners kunskaper för att möta den akut sjuka patienten. Att vara anestesisjuksköterska på en operationsavdelning kan innebära ett ansvar för en larmtelefon och ställer höga krav på anestesisjuksköterskans kompetens. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva anestesisjuksköterskors upplevelser av att ansvara för larmtelefonen samt medverka vid larmsituationer. Metod: En kvalitativ metod valdes och data samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Åtta intervjuer hölls med anestesisjuksköterskor på ett medelstort sjukhus i västra Sverige. Datamaterialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra teman: Att utmanas och utvecklas i sin profession, Ett strukturerat arbetssätt, Scenarioträning skapar trygghet och Vikten av kollegialt stöd. Dessa delades in i åtta subteman. Konklusion: Att ansvara förlarmtelefonen har visat sig vara utvecklande för anestesisjuksköterskan och följer Benners omvårdnadsteori. Ett strukturerat arbetssätt ökar förutsättningarna för ett bra patientomhändertagande och skapar trygghet för anestesisjuksköterskan i larmsituationen. Samarbetet främjas av god kommunikation och ett tydligt ledarskap. Att få stöttning av erfarna kollegor i larmsituationen är en trygghet som har stor betydelse när anestesisjuksköterskan är ny i yrkesrollen. Simuleringsträningar förbättrade kommunikationen i teamet. Även möjlighet till reflektion har en stor betydelse för anestesisjuksköterskan.Background: In emergency situations, the knowledge of different professionals is united to meet the acutely ill patient. Being an nurse anaesthetist in an operating room may involve a responsibility for an emergency phone which demands high competence in the nurse anaesthetist. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the nurse anaesthetist’s experiences of being responsible for the emergency phone and participate in alarm situations. Method: A qualitative method was selected and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Eight interviews were conducted with nurses anaesthetist’s at a medium-sized hospital in western Sweden. The data material was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results:The analysis resulted in four themes: To be challenged and developed in their profession, A structured way of working, Scenario training generates safety and The importance of collegial support. These were divided into eight subthemes. Conclusion: To be responsible for the emergency phone has proven to be developing for the nurse anaesthetist and follows Benner's nursing theory. A structured way of working increases the conditions for good patient care and generates safety for the nurse anaesthetist in the alarm situation. The collaboration is promoted by good communication and distinct leadership. Getting support from experienced colleagues in the alarm situation felt as a safety and were significant for the anesthesia nurse who were new to the professional role. Simulation training improved the communication in the team, and the opportunity for reflection proved to be of great importance to the anesthesia nurse