Determinación de la calidad nutritiva, fermentación in vitro y metabolitos secundarios en arvenses y rastrojo de maíz utilizados para la alimentación del ganado lechero

En los sistemas campesinos del altiplano central mexicano en la época de lluvias existe una gran disponibilidad de recursos naturales forrajeros, tal es el caso de las arvenses (plantas que crecen dentro de los cultivos de maíz), que son ampliamente utilizadas para la alimentación del ganado lechero. El objetivo fue determinar la calidad nutritiva, metabolitos secundarios de las arvenses y el efecto que tienen en la cinética de fermentación ruminal al ser mezcladas con el rastrojo de maíz en diferentes proporciones. El estudio se realizó en dos zonas del Valle de Toluca en los meses de Agosto a Octubre de 2007, se utilizó un diseño experimental de parcelas divididas para las variables proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), digestibilidad de la materia seca (dMS) y digestibilidad de la fibra detergente neutro (dFDN).Para el caso de los metabolitos secundarios se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar en donde las especies fueron los tratamientos. El efecto negativo más notorio en cuanto al aporte de proteína debido al estado de madurez se presentó en el periodo 3 (p<0.001). Para el caso de la FDN se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0.001) tanto para especies como para tratamientos, el mayor contenido de FDN por especie lo obtuvo Echinochloa oplismenoides mientras que para el caso de los tratamientos se observó que a mayor inclusión de rastrojo de maíz el contenido de FDN se incrementó. La fracción de carbohidratos solubles (a) fue significativamente mayor (p<0.01) en las especies Tridax coronopifolia, Tripogandra purpuracens y Drymaria laxiflora. La fracción de los carbohidratos insolubles pero potencialmente degradables (b) fue significativamente diferente para especie (p<0.01), tratamiento y periodo (p<0.001). En el caso de los tratamientos a mayor inclusión de rastrojo de maíz se incrementó la producción de gas. La tasa de fermentación de la fracción b (cb) se afectó por el nivel de inclusión de rastrojo de maíz, dado que a mayor nivel de inclusión la tasa disminuyó de 0.04 a 0.02. En el caso de los periodos existe un aumento importante de cb para el periodo 3 (P<0.001). El tiempo lag por especie (p<0.01) presenta una variación que va desde 6.45 h en Bidens odorata hasta 12.84 h en Tripogandra purpuracens. Especies como Drymaria laxiflora, Tithonia tubiformis, Oxalis divergens, Tripogandra purpuracens y Simsia amplexicaulis tienen bajos contenidos de taninos fenólicos , por lo que se concluye que la presencia de metabolitos secundarios no tiene un efecto directo sobre la fermentación ruminal rumen, por lo que pueden ser utilizadas como alimento para el ganado lechero, por otro lado un elevado nivel de inclusión de las arvenses sobre el rastrojo de maíz aumenta el aporte de PC y mejora la cinética de fermentación específicamente en la fracción a y tasa de cb

Medijska i informacijska pismenost u službi propitivanja stereotipa u meksičkim dnevnim novinama

Information overload that affects digital natives and other generations in the 21st century makes it difficult for recipients to analyze the information’s truthfulness and quality. In this context, items of fake news pass as facts that could be interpreted as true, which may result in serious issues for the social fabric, especially if immersed in unstable or troublesome political and economic contexts. Still, the problem with disinformation is not limited to fake news because, even when content comes from trustworthy sources and verifiable facts, there are filters that present a subjective, biased and deformed reality. Within this context, we are submitting an example of a positive practice in media literacy targeting Research Methodology students at the Faculty of Communication. During this project, students analyzed the way women and men are shown on the cover of a local printed newspaper El Porvenir in the city of Monterrey, Mexico. In broad strokes, the results found a preference for stories showcasing men and stereotypes that place men in the public sphere and women in a private domain.Pretrpanost informacijama, koja pogađa ne samo digitalne urođenike nego i digitalne pridošlice, čini proces provjere istinitosti i kvalitete informacija sve složenijim. Zbog toga se često događa da lažne vijesti prolaze kao činjenice koje se interpretiraju kao istina. To može rezultirati ozbiljnim problemima za društveno tkivo, osobito ako se društva nalaze u nestabilnim političkim i gospodarskim kontekstima. Ipak, problemi s dezinformacijama nisu ograničeni samo na lažne vijesti jer, čak i kada sadržaj dolazi iz vjerodostojnih izvora i provjerljivih činjenica, postoje filtri koji predstavljaju subjektivnu, pristranu i deformiranu stvarnost. U ovom radu predstavljamo primjer pozitivne prakse s područja medijske pismenosti usmjeren na studente koji pohađaju kolegij Metodologija istraživanja na Fakultetu komunikacijskih znanosti u Monterreyu, u Meksiku. Studenti su analizirali kako se žene i muškarce prikazuje na naslovnicama jednih lokalnih tiskanih dnevnih novina u Monterreyu. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju usmjerenost prema pričama koje u prvi plan stavljaju muškarce te ih stereotipno prikazuju u javnoj sferi, a žene u privatnoj

Chemical composition and in vitro gas production of some legume browse species in subtropical areas of Mexico

The objective of the present study was to determine the chemical composition and in vitro gas production of different legume and wild arboreal pods. Seven seeds of legume browse species, Mexican calabash (Crescentia alata), esculent leadtree (Leucaena esculenta), guamuchil (Phitecellobium dulce), bastard cedar (Guazuma ulmifolia), needle bush (Acacia farnesiana), mimosa (Mimosa sp.) and elephant ear tree (Enterolobium cyclocarpum). Were evaluated for their chemical composition (g/kg DM) and in vitro gas production pattern. Crude Protein was higher for L. esculenta (220) and lower for G. ulmifolia (70). Neutral and acid detergent fiber were higher for G. ulmifolia (687 and 554) and lower for A. farnesiana (267 and 176). Lignin was higher for Mimosa sp. (219) and lower for P. dulce (81). Total gas production (ml gas/g DM) of P. dulce (187) and E. cyclocarpum (164) were higher (P<0.001) than Mimosa sp. The lowest values were for C. alata (108), G. ulmifolia (102), L. esculenta (99) and A. farnesiana (90). The nutritional characteristics of L. esculenta and A. farnesiana might be used as supplements in ruminant diets, due to their major content in CP and in vitro digestibility, representing an alternative protein supplement during dry season

Evaluación bacteriana de queso artesanal Zacazonapan madurado bajo condiciones no controladas en dos épocas de producción

Traditional Zacazonapan cheeses have unique organoleptic characteristics and are characterized by being linked to the territory of origin. In the maturation process, there are many interactive variables that are responsible for physical, chemical, biological and structural changes. In order to evaluate the bacteriological evolution of artisanal cheeses during their maturation under non-controlled conditions in two production periods, samples of raw milk and cheese were collected at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 150 d of maturation. The presence of molds and yeasts (MaY), mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB), Staphylococcus spp. (Staph), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), Salmonella spp. (Salm) and Listeria spp. (List) was determined. The average microbial load was 9.68, 9.38, 8.55 and 8.10 log10 CFU/g of cheese for MaY, MAB, Staph and TC respectively, as well as 2.68 log10 MPN/g of cheese for FC. Salm was not detected but List was. The microbiological evolution of Zacazonapan matured cheese had counts that exceed the maximum levels of the Official Mexican Standard 243 SSA1 2010.Los quesos tradicionales Zacazonapan tienen características organolépticas únicas y se caracterizan por estar vinculados al territorio de origen. En el proceso de maduración se tienen numerosas variables interactivas que son responsables de los cambios físicos, químicos, biológicos y estructurales. Con el objetivo de evaluar la evolución bacteriológica de quesos artesanales durante su maduración bajo condiciones no controladas en dos épocas de producción, se colectaron muestras de leche cruda y de queso a los 0, 30, 60, 120 y 150 días de maduración. Se determinó la presencia de mohos y levaduras (MyL), bacterias mesófilas aerobias (BMA), Staphylococcus spp. (Staph), coliformes totales (CT), coliformes fecales (CF), Salmonella spp. (Salm) y Listeria spp. (List). La carga microbiana promedio fue 9.68, 9.38, 8.55 y 8.10 log10 UFC/g de queso para MyH, BMA, Staph y CT respectivamente, así como 2.68 log10 NMP/g de queso para CF. No se detectó Salm pero si List. La evolución microbiológica del queso madurado Zacazonapan presentó conteos que superan los niveles máximos de la Norma Oficial Mexicana 243 SSA1 2010

Evaluation of soil amendments in perennial ryegrass pastures associated with white and red clover in small-scale milk production systems

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the inclusion of lime and dolomite soil amendments in an established pasture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cv. Tetragrain associated with white clover (Trifolium repens) cv. Ladino and red clover (Trifolium pratense) cv. Kendall. Methodology: Three treatments of soil amendments were implemented on a perennial ryegrass with white and red clover pasture A split plot experimental design was used. The treatments were: T1= control treatment (without soil amendment), T2= lime and T3= dolomite. The evaluated variables were: herbage mass (HM), dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and estimated metabolizable energy (eME). Results: There were significant differences in all evaluated variables, the interaction between experimental periods and treatments was not significant for any variable. The treatments did not affect herbage mass. As for the the soil, a decrease in pH is observed at the end of the experiment, and there was an increase in the total soluble calcium, magnesium and nitrogen and a decrease in aluminum. Implications: This study illustrates the use of soil amendments, which somehow modulate effects of the farmer practices on the pasture soils. Conclusions: Inclusion of soil amendments in pastures did not increase dry matter production, content of FDN, FDA or IVDMD, but increased crude protein and evaluated minerals, and decreases aluminum.Objective:  evaluate the effect of the inclusion of lime and dolomite soil amendments in an established pasture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cv. Tetragrain associated with white clover (Trifolium repens) cv. Ladino and red clover (Trifolium pratense) cv. Kendall. Methodology: Three treatments of soil amendments were implemented on a perennial ryegrass with white and red clover pasture A split plot experimental design was used. The treatments were: T1= control treatment (without soil amendment), T2= lime and T3= dolomite. The evaluated variables were: herbage mass (HM), dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and estimated metabolizable energy (eME). Results: There were significant differences in all evaluated variables, the interaction between experimental periods and treatments was not significant for any variable. The treatments did not affect herbage mass. As for the the soil, a decrease in pH is observed at the end of the experiment, and there was an increase in the total soluble calcium, magnesium and nitrogen and a decrease in aluminum. Implications: This study illustrates the use of soil amendments, which somehow modulate effects of the farmer practices on the pasture soils. Conclusions: Inclusion of soil amendments in pastures did not increase dry matter production, content of FDN, FDA or IVDMD, but increased crude protein and evaluated minerals, and decreases aluminum

Effect of different growth stages of rapeseed (brassica rapa L.) on nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, and rumen fermentation kinetics in sheep diets

The objective of the present study was to determine the dietary effect of different growth stages of rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.) on nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, and rumen fermentation kinetics in sheep.The objective of the present study was to determine the dietary effect of different growth stages of rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.) on nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, and rumen fermentation kinetics in sheep. Four dietary treatments were utilised. A basal control diet based on alfalfa hay, oat hay, soybean meal and corn grain. Then alfalfa hay was replaced with 300 g/kg DM of rapeseed forage harvested at three different growth stages: Vegetative, Flowering and Pod. In vitro gas production was determined using three rumen cannulated Suffolk sheep in a completely randomised design, and nutrients intake and digestibility of each diet were determined using four Suffolk sheep in a 4 4 Latin square design with 21 d periods consisting of 14 d for diet adaptation and 7 d for sample collection. Feed intake and excretion of faeces and urine were recorded. Dry matter intake was higher for control and Pod compared to Vegetative and Flowering. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were similar among treatments. Nitrogen intake was higher for control and Pod and lower for Vegetative and Flowering. In vitro gas production was similar among treatments (P > .05). In vitro gas yield at 24 h was higher (P < .05) for control than the rest of the treatments. Overall, inclusion of 300 g/kg DM of rapeseed forage harvested at pod stage as a substitute for alfalfa hay is an alternative source of protein without affecting nutrient intake and digestibility.Amelia Zetina Sanchez thanked the National Council for Science and Technology (Conacyt, Mexico) for the scholarship for her studies at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Lizbeth Esmeralda Robles Jimenez was awarded a Conacyt-Mexico scholarship during her PhD program at the Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources at the Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México. During the study, Dr. Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez was a visiting scholar also supported by project number 4974/2020CIB from Universidad Autonoma del Estado de México

Evaluación del diseño

1 archivo PDF (335 páginas)Trabajo colectivo que aborda temáticas convergentes de la evaluación, el diseño y la docencia universitaria con la finalidad de profundizar en distintas posiciones teóricas, metodológicas y empíricas sobre la evaluación del diseño, ofrece fundamentos filosóficos, históricos. pedagógicos, sociológicos, tecnológicos, semiológicos. axiológicos, económicos, culturales y estéticos de los conceptos evaluación y diseño (arquitectura, ciudad, diseño de la comunicación gráfica, diseño industrial y lenguaje básico)

El uso de sistemas de información geográfica en la identificación y valoración de recursos geoturísticos

Los Sistemas de Información Geográfica son herramientas fundamentales para el análisis espacial en general y para las investigaciones turísticas en particular, ya que permiten plasmar una problemática e interpretar los resultados desde otra perspectiva. En este marco, este trabajo se propone georreferenciar, mapear y valorar recursos de la geodiversidad en el Valle del Río Pipo y el Cañadón de la Oveja (54º49'52"S - 68º24'51"W), próximos a la ciudad de Ushuaia en Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). Para ello se desarrolló una metodología ad hoc que posibilitó identificar 25 georrecursos con potencialidad para propiciar un aprovechamiento geoturístico.Geographic Information Systems are fundamental tools for spatial analysis in general and for tourism research in particular, since they allow us to capture a problem and interpret the results from another perspective. Within this framework, this paper aims to georeference, map and value geodiversity resources in Río Pipo valley and Oveja canyon (54º49'52"S - 68º24'51"W), close to Ushuaia city in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). The ad hoc methodology developed let us identify 25 georesources with potential to promote geotourism.Fil: Cohen, Carolina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Desarrollo Económico e Innovación; Argentina.Fil: Schwarz, Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Desarrollo Económico e Innovación; Argentina.Fil: Facen, Maximilian. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Desarrollo Económico e Innovación; Argentina.Fil: Flores, Flavia. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Desarrollo Económico e Innovación; Argentina.Fil: González, Sofía. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Desarrollo Económico e Innovación; Argentina.Fil: López, Heliana. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Desarrollo Económico e Innovación; Argentina.Fil: Quidulef, Abigail. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Desarrollo Económico e Innovación; Argentina.Fil: Ruiz Vera, Julieta. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Desarrollo Económico e Innovación; Argentina

Efeito dos aditivos na composição química da silagem de feijão (Vicia faba)

Legumes have low ensilability due to their high buffering capacity and low content of soluble carbohydrates. However, the broad bean (Vicia faba) can be an alternative forage for ruminant feeding, having the advantage of its low buffer capacity, high protein content and high digestibility. The inclusion of additives to silage is intended to improve the quality of fermentation, provide aerobic stability, and increase the nutritional value of silage. The objective was to evaluate the effect of different additives on the quality of broad bean forage silage. Broad bean forage was harvested 116 days after sowing, and the following treatments were evaluated in laboratory silos: 1) Inoculum of homofermentative lactic bacteria Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactobacillus plantarum (INOC), 2) Formic acid at 85 % concentration (FORM), 3) Cane molasses applied at 4% fresh weight (MEL), as well as 4) Control treatment without additives (CON). A completely randomized experimental design with five laboratory silos per treatment was used. Chemical analyzes were performed for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ethereal extract, pH, starch content, in vitro digestibility of dry matter, estimated metabolizable energy content, and proportion of effluents produced. The inclusion of additives did not modify the chemical composition of the broad bean silage (P&gt;0.05). Given the low initial dry matter content in the broad bean forage, the effluent represented more than 18% of the ensiled forage. Broad bean silage has a good crude protein content and an average value of metabolizable energy. However, the large proportion of effluents can be an environmental problem. The evaluated additives did not improve the chemical composition of broad bean silages, nor the loss of dry matter, or the production of effluents.Las leguminosas presentan una baja ensilabilidad por su alta capacidad amortiguadora y bajo contenido de carbohidratos solubles. Sin embargo, el haba (Vicia faba) puede ser un forraje alternativo para la alimentación de rumiantes, teniendo como ventaja su baja capacidad amortiguadora, alto contenido de proteína y alta digestibilidad. La inclusión de aditivos al ensilado tiene el propósito de mejorar la calidad de la fermentación, proveer estabilidad aeróbica, y acrecentar el valor nutritivo de los ensilados. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes aditivos en la calidad de ensilados de forraje de haba. Se cosechó forraje de haba a los 116 días después de la siembra, y se evaluaron los siguientes tratamientos en silos de laboratorio: 1) Inóculo de bacterias lácticas homofermentativas Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus pentosaceus y Lactobacillus plantarum (INOC), 2) Ácido fórmico al 85% de concentración (FORM), 3) Melaza de caña aplicada al 4% de peso fresco (MEL), así como 4) Tratamiento control sin aditivo (CON). Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente aleatorio con cinco silos de laboratorio por tratamiento. Se realizaron análisis químico para materia seca, materia orgánica, proteína cruda, fibra detergente neutro, fibra detergente ácido, extracto etéreo, pH, contenido de almidón, digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca, contenido de energía metabolizable estimado, y proporción de efluentes producidos. La inclusión de aditivos no modificó la composición química de los ensilados de haba (P&gt;0.05). Dado el bajo contenido inicial de materia seca en el forraje de haba, el efluente representó más del 18% del forraje ensilado. El ensilado de haba tiene un buen contenido de proteína cruda y un valor medio de energía metabolizable. Sin embargo, la gran proporción de efluentes puede ser un problema ambiental. Los aditivos evaluados no mejoraron la composición química de ensilados de haba, ni la pérdida de materia seca, o la producción de efluentes.As leguminosas têm baixa ensibilidade devido à sua alta capacidade tamponante e baixo teor de carboidratos solúveis. Entretanto, a fava (Vicia faba) pode ser uma alternativa forrageira para alimentação de ruminantes, tendo como vantagem sua baixa capacidade tamponante, alto teor de proteína e alta digestibilidade. A inclusão de aditivos na silagem visa melhorar a qualidade da fermentação, proporcionar estabilidade aeróbia e aumentar o valor nutricional da silagem. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes aditivos na qualidade da silagem de forragem de fava. A forragem de fava foi colhida 116 dias após a semeadura, e os seguintes tratamentos foram avaliados em silos de laboratório: 1) Inóculo das bactérias láticas homofermentativas Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus pentosaceus e Lactobacillus plantarum (INOC), 2) Ácido fórmico na concentração de 85% (FORM) , 3) Melaço de cana aplicado a 4% de massa fresca (MEL), bem como 4) Tratamento testemunha sem aditivos (CON). Foi utilizado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco silos de laboratório por tratamento. Foram realizadas análises químicas de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, extrato etéreo, pH, teor de amido, digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, teor estimado de energia metabolizável e proporção de efluentes produzidos. A inclusão de aditivos não modificou a composição química da silagem de fava (P&gt;0,05). Dado o baixo teor inicial de matéria seca da forragem de fava, o efluente representou mais de 18% da forragem ensilada. A silagem de fava apresenta bom teor de proteína bruta e valor médio de energia metabolizável. No entanto, a grande proporção de efluentes pode ser um problema ambiental. Os aditivos avaliados não melhoraram a composição química das silagens de fava, nem a perda de matéria seca, nem a produção de efluentes

Effect of Increasing Supplementation Levels of Coffee Pulp on Milk Yield and Food Intake in Dual-Purpose Cows: An Alternative Feed Byproduct for Smallholder Dairy Systems of Tropical Climate Regions

Se presenta el artículo en texto completoCoffee is one of the main traded commodities worldwide, unfortunately, it generates massive amounts of by-products like coffee pulp (CoP), which could be utilized as an alternative feedstuff for cattle contributing to mitigate coffee production environmental damage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of CoP supplementation on milk production, milk composition, and grass dry matter intake (GDMI) by dual-purpose tropical cows. A 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design was conducted, where four multiparous dual-purpose Holstein x Cebu cows with an average live weight of 477 ± 7 kg and milk yield of 12.1 ± 2.7 kg/d were used. The cows grazed 10 h/d on a Cynodon plectostachius sward with a stocking rate of three cows/ha. All cows received 6 kg/d DM of an experimental concentrate (EC), and the treatments consisted of four supplementation levels of CoP: T1 = 0, T2 = 0.6, T3 = 0.9, and T4 = 1.2 kg DM/d, which was provided on top of the concentrate and mixed with the EC. Grass intake was determined by the n-alkanes technique. A significant difference was observed for the average total daily DM intake (p 0.05) were observed for milk yield, milk composition, body weight, and GDMI for all the inclusion levels of CoP. It was concluded that CoP can be included at levels of 0.6 to 0.9 kg DM/d in the diets of cows without compromising milk yield or GDMI.This research was funded by the ICAMEX-Estado de México under grant number 15-2005- 0724 and the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México under grant number 1873/2009C