Hubble-Lema\^itre fragmentation and the path to equilibrium of merger-driven cluster formation

This paper discusses a new method to generate self-coherent initial conditions for young substructured stellar cluster. The expansion of a uniform system allows stellar sub-structures (clumps) to grow from fragmentation modes by adiabatic cooling. We treat the system mass elements as stars, chosen according to a Salpeter mass function, and the time-evolution is performed with a collisional N-body integrator. This procedure allows to create a fully-coherent relation between the clumps' spatial distribution and the underlying velocity field. The cooling is driven by the gravitational field, as in a cosmological Hubble-Lema\^itre flow. The fragmented configuration has a `fractal'-like geometry but with a self-grown velocity field and mass profile. We compare the characteristics of the stellar population in clumps with that obtained from hydrodynamical simulations and find a remarkable correspondence between the two in terms of the stellar content and the degree of spatial mass-segregation. In the fragmented configuration, the IMF power index is ~0.3 lower in clumps in comparison to the field stellar population, in agreement with observations in the Milky Way. We follow in time the dynamical evolution of fully fragmented and sub-virial configurations, and find a soft collapse, leading rapidly to equilibrium (timescale of 1 Myr for a ~ 10^4 Msun system). The low-concentration equilibrium implies that the dynamical evolution including massive stars is less likely to induce direct collisions and the formation of exotic objects. Low-mass stars already ejected from merging clumps are depleted in the end-result stellar clusters, which harbour a top-heavy stellar mass function.Comment: 22 pages, accepted for publication in MNRA

Spatially selecting single cell for lysis using light induced electric fields

An optoelectronic tweezing (OET) device, within an integrated microfluidic channel, is used to precisely select single cells for lysis among dense populations. Cells to be lysed are exposed to higher electrical fields than their neighbours by illuminating a photoconductive film underneath them. Using beam spot sizes as low as 2.5 μm, 100% lysis efficiency is reached in <1 min allowing the targeted lysis of cells

Channel integrated optoelectronic tweezer chip for microfluidic particle manipulation

Light patterned electrical fields have been widely used for the manipulation of microparticles, from cells to microscopic electronic components. In this work, we explore a novel electromechanical phenomenon for particle focusing and sorting where the electrical field patterns are shaped by a combination of the light patterned photoconductor and the channel geometry. This effect results from the combination of particle polarisation described by the Clausius–Mossotti relation and the engineering of large electric gradients produced by choosing the channels height to suit the size of the particles being manipulated. The matched geometry increases the distortion of the field created by a combination of the illuminated photoconductor and the particles themselves and hence the non-uniformity of the field they experience. We demonstrate a new channel integration strategy which allows the creation of precisely defined channel structures in the OET device. By defining channels in photoresist sandwiched between upper and lower ITO coated glass substrates we produce robust channels of well controlled height tailored to the particle. Uniquely, the top substrate is attached before photolithographically defining the channels. We demonstrate versatile control using this effect with dynamically reconfigurable light patterns allowing the retention against flow, focusing and sorting of micro particles within the channels. Contrary to traditional designs, this channel integrated device allows patterned micro channels to be used in conjunction with conductive top and bottom electrodes producing optimal conditions for the dielectrophoretic manipulation as demonstrated by the rapid flow (up to 5 mm s−1) in which the particles can be focused

Orbits for the Impatient: A Bayesian Rejection Sampling Method for Quickly Fitting the Orbits of Long-Period Exoplanets

We describe a Bayesian rejection sampling algorithm designed to efficiently compute posterior distributions of orbital elements for data covering short fractions of long-period exoplanet orbits. Our implementation of this method, Orbits for the Impatient (OFTI), converges up to several orders of magnitude faster than two implementations of MCMC in this regime. We illustrate the efficiency of our approach by showing that OFTI calculates accurate posteriors for all existing astrometry of the exoplanet 51 Eri b up to 100 times faster than a Metropolis-Hastings MCMC. We demonstrate the accuracy of OFTI by comparing our results for several orbiting systems with those of various MCMC implementations, finding the output posteriors to be identical within shot noise. We also describe how our algorithm was used to successfully predict the location of 51 Eri b six months in the future based on less than three months of astrometry. Finally, we apply OFTI to ten long-period exoplanets and brown dwarfs, all but one of which have been monitored over less than 3% of their orbits, producing fits to their orbits from astrometric records in the literature.Comment: 32 pages, 28 figures, Accepted to A

Amorphous Mo₅O₁₄-Type/Carbon Nanocomposite with Enhanced Electrochemical Capability for Lithium-Ion Batteries

An amorphous MomO3m−1/carbon nanocomposite (m ≈ 5) is fabricated from a citrate–gel precursor heated at moderate temperature (500 °C) in inert (argon) atmosphere. The as-prepared Mo5O14-type/C material is compared to α-MoO3 synthesized from the same precursor in air. The morphology and microstructure of the as-prepared samples are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman scattering (RS) spectroscopy. Thermal gravimetry and elemental analysis indicate the presence of 25.8 ± 0.2% of carbon in the composite. The SEM images show that Mo5O14 is immersed inside a honeycomb-like carbon matrix providing high surface area. The RS spectrum of Mo5O14/C demonstrates an oxygen deficiency in the molybdenum oxide and the presence of a partially graphitized carbon. Outstanding improvement in electrochemical performance is obtained for the Mo5O14 encapsulated by carbon in comparison with the carbon-free MoO3. View Full-Tex

Incorporation of resident macrophages in engineered tissues: multiple cell type response to microenvironment controlled macrophage-laden gelatin hydrogels

The success of tissue engineering strategy is strongly related to the inflammatory response, mainly through the activity of macrophages that are key cells in initial immune response to implants. For engineered tissues, the presence of resident macrophages can be beneficial for maintenance of homeostasis and healing. Thus, incorporation of macrophages in engineered tissues can facilitate the integration upon implantation. In this study, we developed an in-vitro model of interaction between encapsulated naive monocytes, macrophages induced with M1/M2 stimulation and incoming cells for immune assisted tissue engineering applications. To mimic the wound healing cascade, Naive THP-1 monocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts were seeded on the gels as incoming cells. The interaction was first monitored in the absence of the gels. In order to mimic resident macrophages, THP-1 cells were encapsulated in the presence or absence of IL-4 to control their phenotype and then these hydrogels were seeded with incoming cells. Without encapsulation, activated macrophages induce apoptosis in endothelial cells. Once encapsulated no adverse effects were seen. Macrophage-laden hydrogels attracted more endothelial cells and fibroblasts compared to monocytes-laden hydrogels. The induction (M2 stimulation) of encapsulated macrophages did not change the overall number of attracted cells; but significantly affected their morphology. M1 stimulation by a defined media resulted in secretion of both pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to M2 stimulation. We demonstrated that there is a distinct effect of encapsulated macrophages on the behavior of the incoming cells; this effect can be harnessed to establish a microenvironment more prone to regeneration upon implantation

Three years of harvest with the vector vortex coronagraph in the thermal infrared

For several years, we have been developing vortex phase masks based on sub-wavelength gratings, known as Annular Groove Phase Masks. Etched onto diamond substrates, these AGPMs are currently designed to be used in the thermal infrared (ranging from 3 to 13 {\mu}m). Our AGPMs were first installed on VLT/NACO and VLT/VISIR in 2012, followed by LBT/LMIRCam in 2013 and Keck/NIRC2 in 2015. In this paper, we review the development, commissioning, on-sky performance, and early scientific results of these new coronagraphic modes and report on the lessons learned. We conclude with perspectives for future developments and applications.Comment: To appear in SPIE proceedings vol. 990

Ultrastable Magnetic Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Carbon for Magnetically Induced Catalysis

[EN] Magnetically induced catalysis using magnetic nanoparticles (MagNPs) as heating agents is a new efficient method to perform reactions at high temperatures. However, the main limitation is the lack of stability of the catalysts operating in such harsh conditions. Normally, above 500 degrees C, significant sintering of MagNPs takes place. Here we present encapsulated magnetic FeCo and Co NPs in carbon (Co@C and FeCo@C) as an ultrastable heating material suitable for high-temperature magnetic catalysis. Indeed, FeCo@C or a mixture of FeCo@C:Co@C (2:1) decorated with Ni or Pt-Sn showed good stability in terms of temperature and catalytic performances. In addition, consistent conversions and selectivities regarding conventional heating were observed for CO2 methanation (Sabatier reaction), propane dehydrogenation (PDH), and propane dry reforming (PDR). Thus, the encapsulation of MagNPs in carbon constitutes a major advance in the development of stable catalysts for high-temperature magnetically induced catalysis.The authors thank the Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica (ITQ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Universitat Politecnica de València (UPV) for the facilities and Severo Ochoa programe (SEV-2016-0683), "Juan de la Cierva" by MINECO (IJCI-2016-27966), and Primero Proyectos de Investigación PAID-06-18 (SP20180088) for financial support. The authors acknowledge ERC Advanced Grants (MONACAT-2015-694159 and SynCatMatch-2014671093). We also thank the Electron Microscopy Service of the UPV for TEM facilities.Martínez-Prieto, LM.; Marbaix, J.; Asensio, JM.; Cerezo-Navarrete, C.; Fazzini, P.; Soulantica, K.; Chaudret, B.... (2020). Ultrastable Magnetic Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Carbon for Magnetically Induced Catalysis. 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Hydrodeoxygenation Using Magnetic Induction: High‐Temperature Heterogeneous Catalysis in Solution. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 58(33), 11306-11310. doi:10.1002/anie.201904366Liu, Y., Gao, P., Cherkasov, N., & Rebrov, E. V. (2016). Direct amide synthesis over core–shell TiO2@NiFe2O4 catalysts in a continuous flow radiofrequency-heated reactor. RSC Advances, 6(103), 100997-101007. doi:10.1039/c6ra22659kLiu, Y., Cherkasov, N., Gao, P., Fernández, J., Lees, M. R., & Rebrov, E. V. (2017). The enhancement of direct amide synthesis reaction rate over TiO 2 @SiO 2 @NiFe 2 O 4 magnetic catalysts in the continuous flow under radiofrequency heating. Journal of Catalysis, 355, 120-130. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2017.09.010Meffre, A., Mehdaoui, B., Connord, V., Carrey, J., Fazzini, P. F., Lachaize, S., … Chaudret, B. (2015). Complex Nano-objects Displaying Both Magnetic and Catalytic Properties: A Proof of Concept for Magnetically Induced Heterogeneous Catalysis. Nano Letters, 15(5), 3241-3248. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00446Bordet, A., Lacroix, L.-M., Fazzini, P.-F., Carrey, J., Soulantica, K., & Chaudret, B. (2016). Magnetically Induced Continuous CO2Hydrogenation Using Composite Iron Carbide Nanoparticles of Exceptionally High Heating Power. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55(51), 15894-15898. doi:10.1002/anie.201609477Mortensen, P. M., Engbæk, J. S., Vendelbo, S. B., Hansen, M. F., & Østberg, M. (2017). Direct Hysteresis Heating of Catalytically Active Ni–Co Nanoparticles as Steam Reforming Catalyst. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 56(47), 14006-14013. doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02331Marbaix, J., Mille, N., Lacroix, L.-M., Asensio, J. M., Fazzini, P.-F., Soulantica, K., … Chaudret, B. (2020). Tuning the Composition of FeCo Nanoparticle Heating Agents for Magnetically Induced Catalysis. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 3(4), 3767-3778. doi:10.1021/acsanm.0c00444Vinum, M. G., Almind, M. R., Engbæk, J. S., Vendelbo, S. B., Hansen, M. F., Frandsen, C., … Mortensen, P. M. (2018). Dual‐Function Cobalt–Nickel Nanoparticles Tailored for High‐Temperature Induction‐Heated Steam Methane Reforming. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 57(33), 10569-10573. doi:10.1002/anie.201804832Kale, S. S., Asensio, J. M., Estrader, M., Werner, M., Bordet, A., Yi, D., … Chaudret, B. (2019). Iron carbide or iron carbide/cobalt nanoparticles for magnetically-induced CO2 hydrogenation over Ni/SiRAlOx catalysts. Catalysis Science & Technology, 9(10), 2601-2607. doi:10.1039/c9cy00437hVarsano, F., Bellusci, M., La Barbera, A., Petrecca, M., Albino, M., & Sangregorio, C. (2019). Dry reforming of methane powered by magnetic induction. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(38), 21037-21044. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.055Wang, W., Duong-Viet, C., Xu, Z., Ba, H., Tuci, G., Giambastiani, G., … Pham-Huu, C. (2020). 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Generation of subnanometric platinum with high stability during transformation of a 2D zeolite into 3D. Nature Materials, 16(1), 132-138. doi:10.1038/nmat4757Liu, L., Zakharov, D. N., Arenal, R., Concepcion, P., Stach, E. A., & Corma, A. (2018). Evolution and stabilization of subnanometric metal species in confined space by in situ TEM. Nature Communications, 9(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03012-6Liu, L., Gao, F., Concepción, P., & Corma, A. (2017). A new strategy to transform mono and bimetallic non-noble metal nanoparticles into highly active and chemoselective hydrogenation catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 350, 218-225. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2017.03.014Liu, L., Concepción, P., & Corma, A. (2016). Non-noble metal catalysts for hydrogenation: A facile method for preparing Co nanoparticles covered with thin layered carbon. Journal of Catalysis, 340, 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2016.04.006Fu, T., Wang, M., Cai, W., Cui, Y., Gao, F., Peng, L., … Ding, W. (2014). Acid-Resistant Catalysis without Use of Noble Metals: Carbon Nitride with Underlying Nickel. ACS Catalysis, 4(8), 2536-2543. doi:10.1021/cs500523kGarnero, C., Lepesant, M., Garcia-Marcelot, C., Shin, Y., Meny, C., Farger, P., … Chaudret, B. (2019). Chemical Ordering in Bimetallic FeCo Nanoparticles: From a Direct Chemical Synthesis to Application As Efficient High-Frequency Magnetic Material. Nano Letters, 19(2), 1379-1386. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b05083Lepesant, M., Bardet, B., Lacroix, L.-M., Fau, P., Garnero, C., Chaudret, B., … Gautier, G. (2018). Impregnation of High-Magnetization FeCo Nanoparticles in Mesoporous Silicon: An Experimental Approach. Frontiers in Chemistry, 6. doi:10.3389/fchem.2018.00609Deng, J., Ren, P., Deng, D., & Bao, X. (2015). Enhanced Electron Penetration through an Ultrathin Graphene Layer for Highly Efficient Catalysis of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 54(7), 2100-2104. doi:10.1002/anie.201409524Ferrari, A. C. 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Lattice-Confined Sn (IV/II) Stabilizing Raft-Like Pt Clusters: High Selectivity and Durability in Propane Dehydrogenation. ACS Catalysis, 7(10), 6973-6978. doi:10.1021/acscatal.7b02264Hauser, A. W., Gomes, J., Bajdich, M., Head-Gordon, M., & Bell, A. T. (2013). Subnanometer-sized Pt/Sn alloy cluster catalysts for the dehydrogenation of linear alkanes. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 15(47), 20727. doi:10.1039/c3cp53796jBursavich, J., Abu-Laban, M., Muley, P. D., Boldor, D., & Hayes, D. J. (2019). Thermal performance and surface analysis of steel-supported platinum nanoparticles designed for bio-oil catalytic upconversion during radio frequency-based inductive heating. Energy Conversion and Management, 183, 689-697. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2019.01.025Pashchenko, D. (2017). Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis of combined dry and steam reforming of propane for thermochemical waste-heat recuperation. 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Assessing Systems Properties of Yeast Mitochondria through an Interaction Map of the Organelle

Mitochondria carry out specialized functions; compartmentalized, yet integrated into the metabolic and signaling processes of the cell. Although many mitochondrial proteins have been identified, understanding their functional interrelationships has been a challenge. Here we construct a comprehensive network of the mitochondrial system. We integrated genome-wide datasets to generate an accurate and inclusive mitochondrial parts list. Together with benchmarked measures of protein interactions, a network of mitochondria was constructed in their cellular context, including extra-mitochondrial proteins. This network also integrates data from different organisms to expand the known mitochondrial biology beyond the information in the existing databases. Our network brings together annotated and predicted functions into a single framework. This enabled, for the entire system, a survey of mutant phenotypes, gene regulation, evolution, and disease susceptibility. Furthermore, we experimentally validated the localization of several candidate proteins and derived novel functional contexts for hundreds of uncharacterized proteins. Our network thus advances the understanding of the mitochondrial system in yeast and identifies properties of genes underlying human mitochondrial disorders

A low-mass stellar companion to the young variable star RZ Psc

RZ Psc is a young Sun-like star with a bright and warm infrared excess that is occasionally dimmed significantly by circumstellar dust structures. Optical depth arguments suggest that the dimming events do not probe a typical sightline through the circumstellar dust, and are instead caused by structures that appear above an optically thick mid-plane. This system may therefore be similar to systems where an outer disc is shadowed by material closer to the star. Here, we report the discovery that RZ Psc hosts a 0.12M⊙ companion at a projected separation of 23 au. We conclude that the disc must orbit the primary star. While we do not detect orbital motion, comparison of the angle of linear polarization of the primary with the companion's on-sky position angle provides circumstantial evidence that the companion and disc may not share the same orbital plane. Whether the companion severely disrupts the disc, truncates it, or has little effect at all will require further observations of both the companion and disc