Erratum to: Spatial spin-up of fine scales in a regional climate model simulation driven by low-resolution boundary condition

The capture of the public servant in a criminal investigation is subject to special rules and different to those for the capture of individuals, since the imprisonment of an official can affect continuity, speed and efficiency of the civil service, an equally important constitutional value. Therefore, as a rule capturing the public servant must be preceded by a request for suspensión by the prosecution, and to proceed without suspension, the prosecutor in his providence should motivate the reasons and arguments why not affects the normal functioning of public administration. The lack of motivation for this essential aspect, affords a fact that becomes appropriate procedural habeas corpus as an effective mechanism guarantees of personal freedom. Similarly appropriate habeas corpus when catching public server ordered by a prosecutor without functional competence to advance research, by setting a path made by organic defect.La captura del servidor público investigado en un proceso penal está sujeta a reglas especiales y diversas a las previstas para la captura de los particulares, por cuanto la privación de la libertad de un funcionario puede afectar la continuidad, celeridad y eficacia de la función pública, como un valor constitucional igualmente relevante. Por tal motivo, como regla general,la captura del servidor público debe estar precedida de la solicitud de suspensión por parte de la Fiscalía General de la Nación y para que proceda sin suspensión previa, el fiscal debe consignar en su providencia las razones y argumentos por los cuales no se afecta el normal funcionamiento de la administración pública. La ausencia de motivación de este aspecto esencial constituye una vía de hecho procedimental que torna procedente la acción de habeas corpus, como mecanismo efectivo de garantía de la libertad personal. De igual manera, procede el habeas corpus cuando la captura del servidor público la ordena un fiscal sin competencia funcional para adelantar la investigación, por configuración de una vía de hecho por defecto orgánico

Spatial spin-up of fine scales in a regional climate model simulation driven by low-resolution boundary conditions

In regional climate modelling, it is well known that domains should be neither too large to avoid a large departure from the driving data, nor too small to provide a sufficient distance from the lateral inflow boundary to allow the full development of the small-scale (SS) features permitted by the finer resolution. Although most practitioners of dynamical downscaling are well aware that the jump of resolution between the lateral boundary condition (LBC) driving data and the nested regional climate model affects the simulated climate, this issue has not been fully investigated. In principle, as the jump of resolution becomes larger, the region of interest in the limited-area domain should be located further away from the lateral inflow boundary to allow the full development of the SS features. A careless choice of domain might result in a suboptimal use of the full finer resolution potential to develop fine-scale features. To address this issue, regional climate model (RCM) simulations using various resolution driving data are compared following the perfect-prognostic Big-Brother protocol. Several experiments were carried out to evaluate the width of the spin-up region (i.e. the distance between the lateral inflow boundary and the domain of interest required for the full development of SS transient eddies) as a function of the RCM and LBC resolutions, as well as the resolution jump. The spin-up distance turns out to be a function of the LBC resolution only, independent of the RCM resolution. When varying the RCM resolution for a given resolution jump, it is found that the spin-up distance corresponds to a fixed number of RCM grid points that is a function of resolution jump only. These findings can serve a useful purpose to guide the choice of domain and RCM configuration for an optimal development of the small scales allowed by the increased resolution of the nested model

Potential health effects of Champagne wine consumption

Epidemiological studies have suggested an inverse correlation between red wine consumption and the incidence of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Although white wines are generally low in polyphenol content as compared to red wines, champagne has been shown to contain relatively high amounts of phenolic acids that may exert protective cellular actions in vivo. In this study, we have investigated the potential cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects of champagne. Our data suggest that a daily moderate consumption of champagne may improve vascular performance via the delivery of phenolic constituents capable of improving NO bioavailability and the modulation of metalloproteinase. Moreover, champagne intervention significantly increased spatial working memory in aged animals, whilst no improvement was observed in the presence of alcohol. Together, these data indicate that polyphenols present in champagne may induce cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects, delaying the onset of degenerative disorders

Genome-wide transcriptional response of an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) pst mutant

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Avian pathogenic <it>E</it>. <it>coli </it>(APEC) are associated with extraintestinal diseases in poultry. The <it>pstSCAB</it>-<it>phoU </it>operon belongs to the Pho regulon and encodes the phosphate specific transport (Pst) system. A functional Pst system is required for full virulence in APEC and other bacteria and contributes to resistance of APEC to serum, to cationic antimicrobial peptides and acid shock. The global mechanisms contributing to the attenuation and decreased resistance of the APEC <it>pst </it>mutant to environmental stresses have not been investigated at the transcriptional level. To determine the global effect of a <it>pst </it>mutation on gene expression, we compared the transcriptomes of APEC strain χ7122 and its isogenic <it>pst </it>mutant (K3) grown in phosphate-rich medium.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Overall, 470 genes were differentially expressed by at least 1.5-fold. Interestingly, the <it>pst </it>mutant not only induced systems involved in phosphate acquisition and metabolism, despite phosphate availability, but also modulated stress response mechanisms. Indeed, transcriptional changes in genes associated with the general stress responses, including the oxidative stress response were among the major differences observed. Accordingly, the K3 strain was less resistant to reactive oxygen species (ROS) than the wild-type strain. In addition, the <it>pst </it>mutant demonstrated reduced expression of genes involved in lipopolysaccharide modifications and coding for cell surface components such as type 1 and F9 fimbriae. Phenotypic tests also established that the <it>pst </it>mutant was impaired in its capacity to produce type 1 fimbriae, as demonstrated by western blotting and agglutination of yeast cells, when compared to wild-type APEC strain χ7122.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Overall, our data elucidated the effects of a <it>pst </it>mutation on the transcriptional response, and further support the role of the Pho regulon as part of a complex network contributing to phosphate homeostasis, adaptive stress responses, and <it>E. coli </it>virulence.</p

Tracking selenium in the Chalk aquifer of northern France: Sr isotope constraints

International audienceGroundwater at the southern and eastern edges of France's Paris Basin has a selenium content that at times exceeds the European Framework Directive's drinking-water limit value of 10 µg/L. To better understand the dynamics of the Chalk groundwater being tapped to supply the city of Lille and the Se origins, we used a combination of geochemical and isotopic tools. Strontium isotopes, coupled with Ca/Sr, Mg/Sr and Se/Sr ratios, were used to identify the main groundwater bodies and their mixings, with the Mg/Sr ratio constraining a ternary system. Groundwater in the agricultural aquifer-recharge zone represents a first end-member and displays the youngest water ages of the catchment along with the highest strontium isotopic signature (0.7084) and low Se contents. Anaerobic groundwater constitutes a second major end-member affected by water-rock interactions over a long residence time, with the lowest strontium isotopic signature (0.7079) and the lowest Se content, its low SF6 content confirming the contribution of old water. Se-rich groundwater containing up to 30 µg/L of Se represents a third major end-member, with an intermediate Sr isotopic ratio, and is mainly constrained by the clayey Se-rich formation overlying the Chalk aquifer. The spatial and temporal Se variability in the groundwater is clearly linked to the presence of this formation identified as Tertiary and also to the hydrological conditions; saturation of the Se-rich clays by oxygenated groundwater enhances Se mobility and also Sr adsorption onto the clays. This multi-tool study including Sr isotopes successfully identified the Se origins in the aquifer and has led to a better understanding of the regional mixing and processes affecting the Chalk groundwater

Focus EMU, February 22, 2005

Une opinion rédigée et transmise à la Première ministre et aux Ministresprésidents régionaux par un collectif de signataires

Structure and stability of two polymorphs of creatine and its monohydrate

An experimental search for crystalline forms of creatine including a variable temperature X-ray powder diffraction study has produced three polymorphs and a formic acid solvate. The crystal structures of creatine forms I and II were determined from X-ray powder diffraction data plus the creatine formic acid (1 : 1) solvate structure was obtained by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Evidence of a third polymorphic form of creatine obtained by rapid desolvation of creatine monohydrate is also presented. The results highlight the role of automated parallel crystallisation, slurry experiments and VT-XRPD as powerful techniques for effective physical form screening. They also highlight the importance of various complementary analytical techniques in structural characterisation and in achieving better understanding of the relationship between various solid-state forms. The structural relationships between various solid-state forms of creatine using the XPac method provided a rationale for the different relative stabilities of forms I and II of creatine with respect to the monohydrate form