High Level of Soluble HLA-G in the Female Genital Tract of Beninese Commercial Sex Workers Is Associated with HIV-1 Infection

Most HIV infections are transmitted across mucosal epithelium. Understanding the role of innate and specific mucosal immunity in susceptibility or protection against HIV infection, as well as the effect of HIV infection on mucosal immunity, are of fundamental importance. HLA-G is a powerful modulator of the immune response. The aim of this study was to investigate whether soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) expression in the female genital tract is associated with HIV-1 infection.Genital levels of sHLA-G were determined in 52 HIV-1-uninfected and 44 antiretroviral naïve HIV-1-infected female commercial sex workers (CSWs), as well as 71 HIV-1-uninfected non-CSW women at low risk of exposure, recruited in Cotonou, Benin. HIV-1-infected CSWs had higher genital levels of sHLA-G compared with those in both the HIV-1-uninfected CSW (P = 0.009) and non-CSW groups (P = 0.0006). The presence of bacterial vaginosis (P = 0.008), and HLA-G*01:01:02 genotype (P = 0.002) were associated with higher genital levels of sHLA-G in the HIV-1-infected CSWs, whereas the HLA-G*01:04:04 genotype was also associated with higher genital level of sHLA-G in the overall population (P = 0.038). When adjustment was made for all significant variables, the increased expression of sHLA-G in the genital mucosa remained significantly associated with both HIV-1 infection (P = 0.02) and bacterial vaginosis (P = 0.03).This study demonstrates that high level of sHLA-G in the genital mucosa is independently associated with both HIV-1 infection and bacterial vaginosis

the prevention of chronic diseases through ehealth a practical overview

Disease prevention is an umbrella term embracing individual-based or population-based interventions aimed at preventing the manifestation of diseases (primary prevention), reducing the impact of a disease that has arisen (secondary prevention), or mitigating the impact of an ongoing illness (tertiary prevention). Digital health has the potential to improve prevention of chronic diseases. Its application ranges from effective mHealth weight-loss intervention to prevent or delay the onset of diabetes in overweight adults to the cost-effective intervention on the provision of mental-health care via mobile-based or Internet-based programs to reduce the incidence or the severity of anxiety. The present contribution focuses on the effectiveness of eHealth preventive interventions and on the role of digital health in improving health promotion and disease prevention. We also give a practical overview on how eHealth interventions have been effectively implemented, developed, and delivered for the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of chronic diseases

Reconstruction and simulation of neocortical microcircuitry

We present a first-draft digital reconstruction of the microcircuitry of somatosensory cortex of juvenile rat. The reconstruction uses cellular and synaptic organizing principles to algorithmically reconstruct detailed anatomy and physiology from sparse experimental data. An objective anatomical method defines a neocortical volume of 0.29 ± 0.01 mm3 containing ∼31,000 neurons, and patch-clamp studies identify 55 layer-specific morphological and 207 morpho-electrical neuron subtypes. When digitally reconstructed neurons are positioned in the volume and synapse formation is restricted to biological bouton densities and numbers of synapses per connection, their overlapping arbors form ∼8 million connections with ∼37 million synapses. Simulations reproduce an array of in vitro and in vivo experiments without parameter tuning. Additionally, we find a spectrum of network states with a sharp transition from synchronous to asynchronous activity, modulated by physiological mechanisms. The spectrum of network states, dynamically reconfigured around this transition, supports diverse information processing strategies

Evaluation des applications mobiles de sante en France

MONTPELLIER-BU Pharmacie (341722105) / SudocSudocFranceF

Etude de 107 enfants présentant un trouble sévère et spécifique du langage oral (apport de l analyse pangénomique)

Les troubles sévères et spécifiques du langage oral (TSLO) touchent 1% des enfants. Ils ont une composante génétique mais les chromosomes et gènes impliqués dans les TSLO sont très hétérogènes. Notre hypothèse est que l hétérogénéité serait la conséquence d une classification insuffisamment précise entre des TSLO véritablement spécifiques, purs , et des TSLO qui s intégreraient dans des syndromes génétiques plus vastes. Le but de cette étude était de décrire les anomalies chromosomiques mises en évidence dans une cohorte pédiatrique et de les comparer entre un groupe TSLO selon les critères d exclusion des classifications internationales et un groupe TSLO purs avec des critères de spécificité affinés. L hypothèse de l étude était que les anomalies chromosomiques seraient plus limitées, redondantes chez les TSLO purs . Il s agissait d une étude de cohorte descriptive et analytique, rétrospective, mono centrique, au Centre Régional de Diagnostic Des Troubles d Apprentissage de Lille, de 2002 à 2012. Cette étude incluait tous les enfants jusqu à 16 ans, présentant des TSLO, qui avaient eu une analyse génétique par CGH-array. Au total, 107 patients étaient inclus, 33 dans le groupe TSLO purs et 74 dans le groupe TSLO . Vingt-huit patients avaient des anomalies chromosomiques, sans différence significative entre les 2 groupes. Le chromosome 16 était le plus souvent impliqué, et notamment dans le groupe TSLO purs (12,1%) mais sans différence statistiquement significative par rapport aux autres chromosomes. D après le mode de transmission, les réarrangements semblaient plus souvent pathogènes dans le groupe TSLO purs (75% versus 43,5%). En comparant avec la littérature, nous faisions le constat que seulement 2 réarrangements chromosomiques du groupe TSLO purs étaient effectivement décrits dans des tableaux de trouble du langage isolé dans la littérature (délétion 16q24.1 et 47XYY). D autres études de cohorte TSLO purs seraient nécessaires afin de tenter de compléter les classifications actuelles. Les progrès dans la compréhension des TSLO permettront une meilleure prise en charge des enfants et une meilleure compréhension des autres troubles du neuro développement.LILLE2-BU Santé-Recherche (593502101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Intégration des fonctions de protection avec les dispositifs IGBT

TOULOUSE3-BU Sciences (315552104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Évaluation des pratiques de l’injonction de soins : étude sur 119 sujets

International audienceINTRODUCTION: The injunction to care (IC) is a new compulsory treatment created by the Act of June 17, 1998. Initially, this judicial tool concerned mainly sex offenders, but then the number of overall crimes requiring an IC began to dramatically rise. The judge can order this measure only if a psychiatric expertise has concluded to its potential opportunity. Then the convict must undergo a psychiatric follow-up after having served the sentence. The creation of a court-ordered treatment is based on the premise that many offenders are affected by psychiatric disorders. For the lawmaker, the aim is to lower the risk of recidivism.PURPOSES: The main purpose of this study is to assess the convicts concerned by the IC describing their sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric diagnostics and criminal characteristics. The second purpose is to assess the efficiency of this measure regarding re-offending and specifically legal recidivism.METHODS: This is a retrospective and descriptive study concerning 119 subjects followed-up by two "coordinating doctors" in the department of Sarthe who could assess their psychiatric diagnostics and sociodemographic characteristics. They could also compare medical data with the judicial data for 78 of the subjects.RESULTS: The population was composed of 117 men (98.3%) aged 45 years old on average. They had a job in 37% of cases (n=44) and were single in 56.3% of cases (n=67). According to the DSM-IV-TR, only 29 subjects (24.4%) had an axis I disorder and 37.8% of the population had a pathological personality trait (non DSM-IV-TR categorized disorder). Furthermore, 51.3% (n=61) of the subjects were addicted (mainly alcohol). The medical follow-up was carried out by a psychiatrist in 83.2% of cases (n=99). The average duration of follow-up was five years. Among the 78 subjects for whom there was access to juridical data, 13 (16.7%) had committed a new offense during follow-up. Among them, seven had recidivated six of whom were initially sentenced for sexual offense.CONCLUSIONS: Most of the subjects in injunction to care had no axis I disorder but addictions and/or pathological personality traits. Nevertheless, the expert concluded the need of an IC. Personality and behavior disorders do not always require psychiatric care, and the management must be multidisciplinary. In France, the psychiatrist remains at the center of injunction to care measure. The addictology care is not developed whereas it is a population at risk and there is a lack of interactions between professionals (medical, social and judicial professionals). The IC is a measure that needs to be improved by means of better communication among the different professionals and a better global assessment of the subjects. Medical care must be a possible option but not a systematic treatment.</p

Participative assessment of innovative technical scenarios for enhancing sustainability of French mixed crop-livestock farms

Mixed crop-livestock farming is regaining interest worldwide as a way to reduce environmental problems while allowing productive and economically viable agriculture. However, the number of mixed crop-livestock farms has been falling steadily in Europe, where production has become concentrated on specialised and enlarged farms. This study aimed to design and assess technical innovations which could enhance the sustainability of mixed farming in the difficult conditions of Less Favoured Areas. It was conducted in a hilly region in south-western France where mixed crop-livestock farming continues to be practiced. Innovative technical scenarios consistent with the two main adaptive strategies implemented by local mixed farms were selected with farmers and other stakeholders. The first, the "maximising farm autonomy" strategy, consisted of sowing forage legumes between two cash crops to achieve herd feed self-sufficiency while maintaining soil fertility. The second, the "diversifying production" management strategy, consisted of adding a heifer fattening unit to increase farm income. Both scenarios were assessed on two actual farms using a whole farm simulation tool, CLIFS, based on feed and manure balances. They then were combined with prospective scenarios on public policies and markets to analyse farmers' capacity to cope with changes in their economic environment. Under current conditions, the two technical innovations allowed an increase of the total gross margin per hectare of cultivated area by respectively 8.9% and 17.1%. However, under contrasting future political and economic conditions, they were unable to mitigate the impact of drastic shocks. Public policy support would likely be needed to maintain local mixed crop-livestock farms in these contexts. The combination of discussions and simulations using concrete farm cases ensured a lively dialogue between researchers, farmers, and professionals. The process combined a broad range of empirical, technical and scientific knowledge and enriched both individual and collective learning. (Résumé d'auteur