High anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroconversion rates before the second wave in Manaus, Brazil, and the protective effect of social behaviour measures: results from the prospective DETECTCoV-19 cohort

Background: The city of Manaus, Brazil, has seen two collapses of the health system due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We report anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibody seroconversion rates and associated risk factors in Manaus residents before the second wave of the epidemic in Brazil. Methods: A convenience sample of adult (aged ≥18 years) residents of Manaus was recruited through online and university website advertising into the DETECTCoV-19 study cohort. The current analysis of seroconversion included a subgroup of DETECTCoV-19 participants who had at least two serum sample collections separated by at least 4 weeks between Aug 19 and Oct 2, 2020 (visit 1), and Oct 19 and Nov 27, 2020 (visit 2). Those who reported (or had no data on) having a COVID-19 diagnosis before visit 1, and who were positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies at visit 1 were excluded. Using an in-house ELISA, the reactivity index (RI; calculated as the optical density ratio of the sample to the negative control) for serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies was measured at both visits. We calculated the incidence of seroconversion (defined as RI values ≤1·5 at visit 1 and ≥1·5 at visit 2, and a ratio >2 between the visit 2 and visit 1 RI values) during the study period, as well as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) through cluster-corrected and adjusted Poisson regression models to analyse associations between seroconversion and variables related to sociodemographic characteristics, health access, comorbidities, COVID-19 exposure, protective behaviours, and symptoms. Findings: 2496 DETECTCoV-19 cohort participants returned for a follow-up visit between Oct 19 and Nov 27, 2020, of whom 204 reported having COVID-19 before the first visit and 24 had no data regarding previous disease status. 559 participants were seropositive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies at baseline. Of the remaining 1709 participants who were seronegative at baseline, 71 did not meet the criteria for seroconversion and were excluded from the analyses. Among the remaining 1638 participants who were seronegative at baseline, 214 showed seroconversion at visit 2. The seroconversion incidence was 13·06% (95% CI 11·52–14·79) overall and 6·78% (5·61–8·10) for symptomatic seroconversion, over a median follow-up period of 57 days (IQR 54–61). 48·1% of seroconversion events were estimated to be asymptomatic. The sample had higher proportions of affluent and higher-educated people than those reported for the Manaus city population. In the fully adjusted and corrected model, risk factors for seroconversion before visit 2 were having a COVID-19 case in the household (IRR 1·49 [95% CI 1·21–1·83]), not wearing a mask during contact with a person with COVID-19 (1·25 [1·09–1·45]), relaxation of physical distancing (1·31 [1·05–1·64]), and having flu-like symptoms (1·79 [1·23–2·59]) or a COVID-19 diagnosis (3·57 [2·27–5·63]) between the first and second visits, whereas working remotely was associated with lower incidence (0·74 [0·56–0·97]). Interpretation: An intense infection transmission period preceded the second wave of COVID-19 in Manaus. Several modifiable behaviours increased the risk of seroconversion, including non-compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions measures such as not wearing a mask during contact, relaxation of protective measures, and non-remote working. Increased testing in high-transmission areas is needed to provide timely information about ongoing transmission and aid appropriate implementation of transmission mitigation measures. Funding: Ministry of Education, Brazil; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas; Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)/WHO.World Health OrganizationRevisión por pare

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Trematoda Heterophyidae caracterização genética e implicações em saúde pública

Submitted by Gilvan Almeida ([email protected]) on 2016-10-11T17:41:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Dinelis ([email protected]) on 2017-11-14T18:54:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 juliana_borges_ioc_dout_2016.pdf: 6622681 bytes, checksum: 3ecbdd7b8341fd549768985d4465ddc6 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-14T18:54:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 juliana_borges_ioc_dout_2016.pdf: 6622681 bytes, checksum: 3ecbdd7b8341fd549768985d4465ddc6 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Os Trematoda Heterophyidae possuem ciclo de vida complexo em que moluscos e peixes atuam como hospedeiros intermediários e mamíferos e aves são hospedeiros definitivos. Suas metacercárias podem se encistar em diferentes órgãos de peixes, portanto há risco de infecção humana pela ingestão de pescado cru ou mal cozido. Estudos de viabilidade de espécies de metacercárias provenientes de países do norte da Europa e no Brasil são escassos. Embora haja estudos visando identificar e diagnosticar heterofiídeos com potencial zoonótico em outros países utilizando ferramentas moleculares, muitas espécies ainda são negligenciadas. Neste trabalho testes de viabilidade de metacercárias foram feitos com Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa encistadas na tainha no Brasil e Cryptocotyle lingua encistadas no bacalhau na Dinamarca, expostos a temperaturas extremas de congelamento e aquecimento (entre 180°C e -80°C). Além disso foi feita uma caracterização genética das espécies de A. (P.) longa, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) pindoramensis e Pygidiopsis macrostomum encontradas em peixes da Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas através de PCR e sequenciamento das regiões gênicas 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, ITS2 rDNA e mtDNA cox-1. P. macrostomum também foi submetido a análises de microscopia de varredura a laser confocal (MVLC). Os testes de viabilidade demonstraram que duas horas de incubação na maioria das temperaturas são suficientes para inativar metacercárias de C. lingua e A. (P.) longa, com exceção da temperatura de -10°C, em que foram necessárias 24 horas. As caracterizações genéticas realizadas resultaram em sequências que possuem pouca variabilidade intraespecífica entre os espécimes de A. (P.) longa e A. (P.) pindoramensis, com P. macrostomum possuindo três haplótipos para a região ITS2. As análises por MVLC destacaram em P. macrostomum as fibras musculares diferenciadas ao redor da ventosa ventral. A comparação da nova sequência de A. (P.) longa com sequências da mesma espécie provenientes da Argentina e Israel depositadas no GenBank resultou em alta variabilidade para a região 18S rDNA, uma região muito conservada. Os resultados obtidos, indicam o congelamento de tainha e bacalhau como um procedimento altamente recomendável quando destinados ao consumo cru ou defumado a frio. Os estudos genéticos sugerem que P. macrostomum da Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas e A. (P.) longa de diferentes regiões geográficas podem representar um complexo de espécies crípticas.The Heterophyidae trematodes have complex life-cycles parasitizing moluscs and fishes as intermediate hosts and fish-eating mammals or birds as definitive hosts. The metacercariae may be encysted in different organs of fish and this represent a risk since humans can get infected for these parasites when they eat raw or under cooked fish. Studies on the viability of parasites from countries of North Europe as well as on parasites from Brazil are scarce. Although there are studies focusing on the identification and diagnosis of heterophyid flukes with zoonotic potential in other countries using molecular techniques, several species are still neglected. In this work viability tests were done with metacercariae of Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa encysted in mullets from Brazil and Cryptocotyle lingua encysted in cod from Denmark exposed to extreme temperatures of freezing and cooking (180 °C a -80 °C). A genetic characterization of the species A. (P.) longa, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) pindoramensis e Pygidiopsis macrostomum of fishes from Rodrigo de Freitas lagoon using PCR and sequencing from the genetic regions 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, ITS2 rDNA e mtDNA cox-1 was done P. macrostomum was also analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The viability tests showed that two hours are sufficient to kill metacercariae in most of the temperatures, except for -10 °C in which were necessary 24 hours to inactivate the metacercarie. The genetic characterization of A. (P.) longa and A. (P.) pindoramensis showed low intraspecific variation among specimens; however, P. macrostomum had three haplotypes for the ITS2 rDNA region. The analysis by CLSM highlighted in P. macrostomum differential radial fibers around the ventral sucker. The comparison of our new sequence of A. (P.) longa and sequences of this species from Argentina and Israel deposited in the GenBank showed high variability for the 18S rDNA region, a very conserved region. Considering our results, freezing of mullets and cod is highly recommended when prepared for human consumption raw or subject to cold smoking and our genetic data suggest that P. macrostomum from Rodrigo de Freitas lagoon and A. (P.) longa from different geographic regions may represent a sibling species complex

Morphological and molecular diagnosis of Pseudoterranova decipiens (sensu stricto) (Anisakidae) in imported cod sold in Brazil

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-19T13:49:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1914 bytes, checksum: 7d48279ffeed55da8dfe2f8e81f3b81f (MD5) juliana_borges_etal_IOC_2015.pdf: 1346423 bytes, checksum: a2752fb9d477f3ddb4c5dece91333de6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV. Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular. Laboratório de Parasitologia e Epidemiologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Agrícola. Viçosa, MG, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil /Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV. Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular. Laboratório de Parasitologia e Epidemiologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Agrícola. Viçosa, MG, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Uma larva de Nematoda anisakídeo encontrada em bacalhau comercializado no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil foi estudada por microscopias de luz e eletrônica de varredura e por uma abordagem molecular. As regiões da subunidade 2 da citocromo c-oxidase mitocondrial (mtDNA cox-2), 28S rRNA e ITS1, 5.8S e ITS2 foram amplificadas usando a reação em cadeia da polimerase e sequenciadas para avaliar as relações filogenéticas da larva. O perfil genético confirmou que esta larva pertence à espécie Pseudoterranova decipiens (sensu stricto). Esse é o primeiro estudo molecular e ultraestrutural de Pseudoterranova decipiens (sensu stricto) de bacalhau importado vendido no Brasil. As implicações destes resultados para a saúde são discutidas.An anisakid nematode larva found in cod sold in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy and by a molecular approach. Mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit 2 (mtDNA cox-2), 28S rRNA and ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 regions were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of the larva. The genetic profile confirmed that this larva belongs to the species Pseudoterranova decipiens (sensu stricto). This is the first molecular and ultrastructural study of Pseudoterranova decipiens (sensu stricto) in imported cod sold in Brazil. The health implications of these findings are discussed

Morphological and molecular diagnosis of Pseudoterranova decipiens (sensu stricto) (Anisakidae) in imported cod sold in Brazil

An anisakid nematode larva found in cod sold in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy and by a molecular approach. Mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit 2 (mtDNA cox-2), 28S rRNA and ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 regions were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of the larva. The genetic profile confirmed that this larva belongs to the species Pseudoterranova decipiens (sensu stricto). This is the first molecular and ultrastructural study of Pseudoterranova decipiens (sensu stricto) in imported cod sold in Brazil. The health implications of these findings are discussed

Morphological and molecular diagnosis of anisakid nematode larvae from cutlassfish (Trichiurus lepturus) off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2016-09-13T16:45:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 luizfelipe_cunha_etal_IOC_2012.pdf: 1411336 bytes, checksum: 540887704c1393ac7d93054eb573b850 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2016-09-13T16:55:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 luizfelipe_cunha_etal_IOC_2012.pdf: 1411336 bytes, checksum: 540887704c1393ac7d93054eb573b850 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T16:55:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luizfelipe_cunha_etal_IOC_2012.pdf: 1411336 bytes, checksum: 540887704c1393ac7d93054eb573b850 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção e Saúde Ambiental. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Laboratório de Biologia do Nécton e Ecologia Pesqueira, Biologia Marinha. Niterói, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção e Saúde Ambiental. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção e Saúde Ambiental. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal Fluminense. Laboratório de Biologia do Nécton e Ecologia Pesqueira, Biologia Marinha. Niterói, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção e Saúde Ambiental. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Anisakid nematode larvae from Trichiurus lepturus off coast of Rio de Janeiro were studied using light, laser confocal and scanning electron microscopy, in addition to a molecular approach. Mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit 2 (mtDNA cox-2), partial 28S (LSU) and internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2) of ribosomal DNA were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships between the nematode taxa. The morphological and genetic profiles confirmed that, of the 1,030 larvae collected from the 64 fish examined, 398 were analysed, of which 361 were Hysterothylacium sp. and 37 were Anisakis typica. Larvae of Hysterothylacium sp. were not identified to the species level due to the absence of similar sequences for adult parasites; however, the ITS sequence clustered in the phylogenetic tree with sequences of H. deardorffoverstreetorum, whereas an mtDNA cox-2 and LSU concatenated phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the presence of two clades, both of them under the same name as the larval H. deardorffoverstreetorum. Data on the occurrence of parasites during the winter and summer months were compared using the t-test. The greatest prevalence and intensity of infection were recorded for larval Hysterothylacium, with a prevalence of 51.56% and an intensity of up to 55 parasites per fish. The larval Anisakis exhibit a higher abundance and intensity of infection in the winter months, and those of Hysterothylacium during the summer. However, the t-test indicated no significant differences between the abundance and intensity of infection recorded during the months of collection for either of these larval nematodes. All sequences generated in this study were deposited in GenBank

Alignment of ITS-1 and ITS-2 sequences representing <i>Anisakis</i> spp.

<p>Dots indicate identity with the first sequence, dashes are inferred insertion-deletion events and * represents our sample.</p

A–H: <i>Hysterothylacium</i> sp. larvae: SEM and CLSM microscopy.

<p>A- SEM of anterior end with alae and excretory pore; B- Detail of L3 lips with inconspicuous boring tooth and papillae; C- Detail of lips of L4 with dorsal lip showing double papilla; D- CLSM of esophagus; E- CLSM reconstruction with ventriculus, intestinal caecum and esophagus; F: CLSM reconstruction with nerve ring and excretory pore; G- SEM of tail; H- SEM micrograph with a detail of the digitiform tip with terminal mucron. Abbreviations: a - alae; ep - excretory pore; p – papilla; t - tooth; dl - dorsal lip; e - esophagus; ic - intestinal caecum; v - ventriculus; n - nervous ring and m - mucron.</p