Strategies for the treatment of dairy cows at high risk for postpartum metritis and for the treatment of clinical endometritis in Argentina

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of (1) administering ceftiofur hydrochloride in dairy cows with calving-related disorders to prevent metritis and (2) a combination of GnRH and PGF2α for the treatment of clinical endometritis, under Argentinean dairy farming conditions. Cows at high risk (HRC) for metritis (dystocia, RFM >12 h postpartum, hypocalcaemia, twins, or stillbirth) were randomly assigned to receive either 1.1 mg/Kg of ceftiofur hydrochloride on three consecutive days (HRC treated group HRCT, n = 110) or remained untreated (HRC control group HRCC, n = 126). Cows with low risk (LRC, no calving-related disorders, n = 868) did not receive any treatment (LRC group, n = 868). All cows were examined for metritis between days 4 and 10 and for clinical endometritis between 24 and 30 days postpartum. The body condition score (BCS) was recorded at both examinations. Cows with endometritis at days 24 to 30 postpartum received either 1.5 mg of D-cloprostenol (PGF; n = 129) or 100 μg of GnRH followed by D-cloprostenol after 7 days (GnRH+PGF, n = 119). There was no overall effect of treatment on the incidence of metritis or on time to pregnancy. Treatment, however, reduced the incidence of metritis in cows with high BCS (HRCT = 24.0 %, HRCC = 38.5 %) but had no effect in cows with low BCS (HRCT = 38.7 %, HRCC = 37.5 %). The proportion of pregnant cows by days in milk was greater (P0.75 points).Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Comparison between the 5-day cosynch and 7-day estradiol-based protocols for synchronization of ovulation and timed artificial insemination in suckled BOS taurus BEEF cows

The objective was to compare pregnancy per AI and follicular dynamic in suckled Bos taurus beef cows treated with either a 7-day progesterone + estradiol-based protocol or a 5-day progesterone CoSynch protocol for timed artificial insemination (TAI) during four breeding seasons. We hypothesized that estrous cycle status, days postpartum (DPP), fat depth and plasma progesterone concentration differentially modify the effect of treatments. Every year, 9 days before initiation of each breeding season, cows were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Cows in the 7-d P + E group (n = 428) received a progesterone intravaginal device (DIB) and estradiol benzoate on Day −9. On Day −2 the device was removed, and cows received cloprostenol and estradiol cypionate. Forty-eight hours later (Day 0) cows received TAI. Cows in the 5-d P + CoS group (n = 428) received a DIB, and GnRH on Day −8. On Day −3, the device was removed, and cows received cloprostenol. A second dose of cloprostenol was given on Day −2. Cows received GnRH and TAI 72 h after device removal (Day 0). On Day −9, estrous cycle status was determined. In a subset of cows (n = 79) the size of the dominant follicle was determined between Days −2 and 0. In another subset of cows (n = 340), DPP, fat depth (mm) and plasma progesterone concentration (ng/mL) were evaluated on Day −9. Pregnancy per AI was determined 30 d after TAI. Pregnancy per AI was greater for cows in the 5-d P + CoS group than for cows in the 7-d P + E group (50.9% vs. 41.3%, P = 0.01) and was also greater in cyclic than in anestrus cows (54.3% vs. 33.2%, P < 0.0001). There was also a significant effect of breeding season (P = 0.0002) and sire (P = 0.03), and an interaction between treatment group and breeding season (P = 0.03). The dominant follicle was larger (P < 0.0001) in cows in the 5-d P + CoS group than the 7-d P + E group (10.7 ± 0.29 mm vs. 9.0 ± 0.28 mm). Pregnancy per AI was greater in cows with ≥55 DPP (47.0% vs. 29.6%, P = 0.001), fat depth ≥0.50 mm (44.7% vs. 29.7%), and with plasma progesterone concentration ≥1 ng/mL (47.2% vs. 28.7%, P = 0.01). In cows with plasma progesterone ≥1 ng/mL on Day −9, pregnancy per AI was greater in the 5-d P + CoS group (60.5%) than in the 7-d P + E group (34.9%), but there was no difference between treatment groups in cows with plasma progesterone < 1 ng/mL (P = 0.07). In conclusion, the 5-d P + CoS protocol resulted in greater size of the dominant follicle and pregnancy per AI in suckled Bos taurus beef cows subjected to TAI.Fil: Bilbao, María Guillermina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia; ArgentinaFil: Zapata, Luis Oscar. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Romero Harry, H.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional La Pampa-San Luis. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil; ArgentinaFil: Perez Wallace, S.. Zoetis SRL; ArgentinaFil: Farcey, Maria Florencia. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Gelid, Lucas Fernando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional La Pampa-San Luis. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil; ArgentinaFil: Palomares, R. A.. University of Georgia. College of Veterinary Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Ferrer, M. S.. University of Georgia. College of Veterinary Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Bartolome, Julian. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentin

Sistemas Hipertexto & Hipermédia - Reflexão, Ensino e Arte

Neste artigo começa por caracterizar-se o desenvolvimento dos sistemas hiper-texto/hipermédia associado ao paradigma da representação mental. Procura-se analisar o fundamento da atitude de mimésis entre os referidos sistemas e as representações internas do indivíduo no processamento de informação. Seguidamente, destaca-se o papel das tecnologias hipertexto/hipermédia no sistema educativo e o impacto inerente à sua implementação. Inclui, no final, uma reflexão sobre a cultura hipertexto/hipermédia e as suas repercussões no mundo da arte

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts

Avances sobre nutrición y fertilidad en ganado lechero: Revisión

En esta revisión se analizan los últimos antecedentes sobre la relación entre la nutrición y fertilidad en ganado lechero. Se establece la importancia de los niveles de glucosa en el postparto temprano y su relación con la fisiología de algunas hormonas tales como la insulina, IGF-I y somatotrofina. Se resalta la importancia de la inmunosupresión durante el periparto y su relación con el exceso de tejido adiposo que establece un estado pro-inflamatorio característico asociado  a la aparición de enfermedades metabólicas y reproductivas que afectan el rendimiento productivo y la fertilidad del rodeo lechero

Impact of postpartum diseases on culling prior to first service and reproductive performance in dairy cows

Aproximadamente la mitad de las vacas lecheras sufre enfermedades asociadas al parto que afectan la eficiencia reproductiva. Se estudiaron 2.364 lactancias para evaluar el impacto de la enfermedad dentro de los 21 días posparto (en conjunto e individualmente) sobre el rechazo previo al primer servicio, el porcentaje de concepción a primer servicio y las pérdidas entre 35 y 100 días de gestación. El 4,95% de las vacas sanas y 15,95% de las enfermas fueron rechazadas previo al primer servicio (RPC=6,68; P≤0,0001). El rechazo fue 8,93% en vacas con metritis (RPC=6,33; P≤0,0001) y 19,12% en vacas con cetosis (RPC=6,84; P=0,001). El porcentaje de concepción en sanas fue 36,16% y en enfermas 30,12% (RPC=0,75; P=0,052). El porcentaje de concepción en vacas con metritis fue 29,04% (RPC=0,71; P=0,084) y con cetosis 30,49% (RPC=0,59; P=0,068). Las pérdidas de gestación en sanas fueron 11,29% y en enfermas 14,73% (RPC=0,77; P=0,54). Las enfermedades asociadas al parto, tanto en conjunto como metritis y cetosis individualmente, incrementaron el rechazo previo al primer servicio, disminuyeron la concepción, pero no afectaron las pérdidas de gestación.Around half of dairy cows suffer from diseases associated with parturition that affect reproductive efficiency. A total of 2,364 lactations were studied to assess the impact of disease within 21 days postpartum (combined and individually) on culling prior to first service, conception to first service, and pregnancy losses from 35 to 100 days. In healthy cows, culling prior to first service was 4.95% and in sick cows it was 15.95% (OR=6.68; P≤0.0001). Culling was 8.93% in cows with metritis (OR=6.33; P≤0.0001) and 19.12% in cows with ketosis (OR=6.84; P=0.001). In healthy cows, conception rate was 36.16% and in sick cows was 30.12% (OR=0.75; P=0.052). Conception rate was 29.04% in cows with metritis (OR=0.71; P=0.084) and 30.49% in cows with ketosis (OR=0.59; P=0.068). Pregnancy losses in healthy cows were 11.29% and in sick cows were 14.73% (OR=0.77; P=0.54). Diseases associated with parturition combined or metritis and ketosis individually, increased culling prior to first service, decreased conception, but did not affect pregnancy losses.Fil: Reumann, Alicia Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro. Sede Alto Valle. Escuela de Veterinaria y Produccion Agroindustrial.; ArgentinaFil: Bilbao, María Guillermina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Yaful, Graciela Noemi. Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro. Sede Alto Valle. Escuela de Veterinaria y Produccion Agroindustrial.; ArgentinaFil: Blanco, Carlos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Bartolome, Julian. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentin

The effect of administering equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) post artificial insemination on fertility of lactating dairy cows

The objective was to evaluate the effect of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and hCG post artificial insemination (AI) on fertility of lactating dairy cows. In Experiment 1, cows were either treated with eCG on Day 22 post AI (400 IU; n = 80) or left untreated (n = 84). On Day 29, pregnant cows were either treated with hCG (2500 IU; n = 32) or left untreated (n = 36). Pregnancy and progesterone were evaluated on Days 29 and 45. In Experiment 2, cows (n = 28) were either treated with eCG on Day 22 (n = 13) or left untreated (n = 15) and either treated with hCG on Day 29 (n = 14) or left untreated (n = 14). Blood sampling and ultrasonography were conducted between Days 22 and 45. In Experiment 3, cows were either treated with eCG on Day 22 post AI (n = 229) or left untreated (n = 241). Pregnancy was evaluated on Days 36 and 85. In Experiment 1, eCG on Day 22 increased (P < 0.02) the number of pregnant cows on Day 29 (50.0 vs. 33.3%) and on Day 45, the increase was higher (P < 0.01) in cows with timed AI (41.2 vs. 6.5%) than in cows AI at detected estrus (50.0 vs. 37.8%). Pregnancy losses were reduced by eCG and hCG, but increased in cows that did not receive eCG but were given hCG (P < 0.01). Treatment with hCG tended (P < 0.06) to increase progesterone in control cows, but not in cows treated with eCG. In Experiment 2, hCG increased (P < 0.01) the number of accessory CLs on Day 35 (28.5 vs. 0.0%) and tended (P < 0.07) to increase progesterone. In Experiment 3, eCG increased the number of pregnant cows (P < 0.05) on Days 36 and 85, but only in cows with low body condition (eCG = 45.6 and 43.5%; Control = 22.9 and 22.9%). In conclusion, eCG at 22 days post insemination increased fertility, primarily in cows with low body condition and reduced pregnancy losses when given 7 days before hCG; hCG induced accessory CLs and slightly increased progesterone, but hCG given in the absence of a prior eCG treatment reduced fertility. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.Fil: Bartolome, Julian. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Perez Wallace, Santiago. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Teriogenología. Cátedra de Reproducción Animal; ArgentinaFil: de la Sota, Rodolfo Luzbel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Teriogenología. Cátedra de Reproducción Animal; ArgentinaFil: Thatcher, W. W.. University of Florida; Estados Unido

Strategies for the treatment of dairy cows at high risk for postpartum metritis and for the treatment of clinical endometritis in Argentina.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of (1) administering ceftiofur hydrochloride in dairy cows with calving-related disorders to prevent metritis and (2) a combination of GnRH and PGF2α for the treatment of clinical endometritis, under Argentinean dairy farming conditions. Cows at high risk (HRC) for metritis (dystocia, RFM >12 h postpartum, hypocalcaemia, twins, or stillbirth) were randomly assigned to receive either 1.1 mg/Kg of ceftiofur hydrochloride on three consecutive days (HRC treated group HRCT, n = 110) or remained untreated (HRC control group HRCC, n = 126). Cows with low risk (LRC, no calving-related disorders, n = 868) did not receive any treatment (LRC group, n = 868). All cows were examined for metritis between days 4 and 10 and for clinical endometritis between 24 and 30 days postpartum. The body condition score (BCS) was recorded at both examinations. Cows with endometritis at days 24 to 30 postpartum received either 1.5 mg of D-cloprostenol (PGF; n = 129) or 100 μg of GnRH followed by D-cloprostenol after 7 days (GnRH+PGF, n = 119). There was no overall effect of treatment on the incidence of metritis or on time to pregnancy. Treatment, however, reduced the incidence of metritis in cows with high BCS (HRCT = 24.0 %, HRCC = 38.5 %) but had no effect in cows with low BCS (HRCT = 38.7 %, HRCC = 37.5 %). The proportion of pregnant cows by days in milk was greater (P 0.75 points).Fil: Bartolome, Julian. Universidad Nacional de la Pampa. Facultad de Cs.veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Khalloub, Pablo. Private Practice Martin Rodriguez 1585; ArgentinaFil: de la Sota, Rodolfo Luzbel. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Drillich, Marc. Section for Herd Health Management. Clinic for Ruminants; AustriaFil: Melendez, Pedro G.. Universidad de Santo Tomas. Facultad de Veterinarias. Santiago; Chil