5 research outputs found

    Consequences of autophagy manipulation on liver metabolism and atherosclerosis progression

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    L’autophagie est un processus de recyclage cellulaire au cours duquel des composants intracellulaires sont adressĂ©s aux lysosomes pour ĂȘtre dĂ©gradĂ©s. Des dĂ©fauts d’autophagie ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s dans de nombreuses pathologies, dĂ©signant ce processus comme une cible thĂ©rapeutique potentielle. NĂ©anmoins, des rĂ©sultats divergents ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s quant Ă  la modulation de l’autophagie dans le cadre pathologique. Dans ce contexte, mon projet de thĂšse s’organise autour de deux principaux objectifs : 1. Évaluer les effets d’un dĂ©faut d’autophagie sur le mĂ©tabolisme du foie en utilisant un modĂšle d’inactivation hĂ©patique de la phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase de classe 3, VPS34. 2. DĂ©terminer le potentiel d’une activation chronique de l’autophagie, induite par jeĂ»ne intermittent (Intermittent Fasting, IF), dans la prĂ©vention du dĂ©veloppement de l’athĂ©roclĂ©rose. 1. VPS34 contrĂŽle le trafic vĂ©siculaire en produisant du phosphatidylinositol-3-monophosphate. Aussi, VPS34 contribue Ă  la formation de complexes multi-protĂ©iques impliquĂ©s dans l’endocytose et/ou l’autophagie. Chez la souris, des rĂ©sultats obtenus sur des modĂšles de dĂ©lĂ©tion hĂ©patique de VPS34 laissent envisager que cette kinase pourrait constituer une cible thĂ©rapeutique prometteuse pour certaines pathologies comme la stĂ©atose hĂ©patique et le carcinome hĂ©patocellulaire. Cependant, dans ces modĂšles, l’expression des partenaires de VPS34 est Ă©galement fortement diminuĂ©e suggĂ©rant que les phĂ©notypes observĂ©s ne peuvent ĂȘtre entiĂšrement attribuĂ©s Ă  la fonction de VPS34. Afin d’étudier le rĂŽle spĂ©cifique de VPS34 dans la fonction hĂ©patique et l’homĂ©ostasie systĂ©mique, nous avons gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© un modĂšle murin original, VPS34-LIN, dans lequel les animaux expriment dans le foie une forme inactive de VPS34. Nous montrons que cette inactivation induit un dĂ©faut d’endocytose et d’autophagie, sans affecter l’expression des partenaires d’interaction de VPS34. En outre, les animaux VPS34-LIN prĂ©sentent Ă  8 semaines d’ñge une hĂ©pato-splĂ©nomĂ©galie, une hypercholestĂ©rolĂ©mie, ainsi qu’un phĂ©notype hĂ©patique pro-fibrotique et pro-inflammatoire. De maniĂšre intĂ©ressante, l’inactivation hĂ©patique de VPS34 altĂšre la rĂ©ponse adaptative au jeĂ»ne, en diminuant la stĂ©atose hĂ©patique induite par le jeĂ»ne et en augmentant les taux circulants de glucose et de corps cĂ©toniques, par des mĂ©canismes impliquant le catabolisme lipidique et la fonction mitochondriale. Ces rĂ©sultats indiquent que l’inactivation de VPS34 dans le foie est dĂ©lĂ©tĂšre pour l’intĂ©gritĂ© hĂ©patique et l’homĂ©ostasie systĂ©mique. 2. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, nous avons utilisĂ© le modĂšle murin athĂ©rogĂšne Apoe-/- afin de dĂ©terminer l’impact de l’IF sur l’athĂ©rosclĂ©rose, et ce en fonction du sexe et du rĂ©gime alimentaire. Durant l’IF, les souris Apoe-/- mĂąles et femelles ont accĂšs illimitĂ© Ă  la nourriture un jour sur deux, et ce pendant 16 semaines Ă  partir de 8 semaines d’ñge. Les souris ont Ă©tĂ© nourries avec un rĂ©gime standard (Chow Diet, CD), ou un rĂ©gime riche en lipides (High Fat and high Cholesterol Diet, HFCD). Sous CD, nous avons observĂ© que l’IF rĂ©duit les taux plasmatiques de triglycĂ©rides (TGs) indĂ©pendamment du sexe, mais entraĂźne une rĂ©duction du gain de poids uniquement chez les mĂąles. À l’inverse, l’IF exacerbe l’accumulation plasmatique et hĂ©patique de TGs chez les souris sous HFCD. De façon intĂ©ressante, nous montrons que l’IF rĂ©duit la taille de la plaque d’athĂ©rome chez les mĂąles et femelles sous CD alors qu’il n’a pas d’effet sur la lĂ©sion athĂ©romateuse chez les animaux sous HFCD . En conclusion, l’IF amĂ©liore la dyslipidĂ©mie et le dĂ©veloppement de l’athĂ©rosclĂ©rose de maniĂšre indĂ©pendante du genre uniquement sous rĂ©gime CD. L’efficacitĂ© de l’IF dans le cadre du dĂ©veloppement de l’athĂ©rosclĂ©rose pourrait donc dĂ©pendre du comportement nutritionnel. En rĂ©sumĂ©, mes travaux soulignent les prĂ©cautions qui doivent ĂȘtre prises quant Ă  l’utilisation clinique d’activateurs ou d’inhibiteurs de l’autophagie.)Autophagy is a cellular recycling process by which intracellular components are targeted to lysosomes for degradation. A default in autophagy has been reported in several pathologies, highlighting this process as a potential therapeutic target. However, discrepancies were reported among models of inactivation or induction of autophagy. Thus, additional studies are needed to further define the consequences of the regulation of autophagy level, in particular in the pathological environment. In this context, my thesis project focused on two main objectives: 1. Uncover the effects of autophagy failure upon liver metabolism and homeostasis, by inactivating hepatic class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, VPS34. 2. Evaluate the relevance of sustained induction of autophagy, through intermittent fasting (IF), in the prevention of atherosclerosis development. 1. The class III PI3K VPS34 controls vesicular trafficking by producing phosphatidylinositol-3-monophosphate. Additionally, VPS34 has a scaffolding role in the assembly of multi-protein complexes with specific functions as endocytosis and/or autophagy. Studies of liver-specific VPS34 deletion have emphasized this protein as a new therapeutic target in the treatment of diseases such as NAFLD and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, in these models, the loss of VPS34 expression induces a dramatic reduction of proteins that form VPS34 complexes, suggesting that phenotypic effects should not be attributed only to VPS34 function. To uncover the specific role of VPS34 in hepatic integrity and organismal homeostasis, we generated an original mouse model we called VPS34-LIN, in which endogenous liver VPS34 is converted to a kinase domain truncated protein. We found that this inactivation leads to a defect in autophagy and endocytosis, without affecting the expression of VPS34 binding partners. Furthermore, VPS34 inactivation leads to hepatomegaly without hepatic steatosis. Interestingly, at 8 weeks after birth, VPS34-LIN mice present a hepatosplenomegaly, a hypercholesterolemia, as well as liver fibrosis and inflammation. In addition, we show that hepatic VPS34 inactivation impairs fasting-induced hepatosteatosis by a mechanism involving an increase in hepatic lipid catabolism and mitochondria function. Hepatic VPS34 inactivation also potentiates fasting-induced gluconeogenesis and cetogenesis, resulting in elevated plasma glucose and ketone bodies. Together, these results demonstrate deleterious consequences of hepatic VPS34 inactivation toward liver integrity and organism homeostasis. 2. In a second time, we used atherosclerosis-prone Apoe?/? mice to explore the relevance of intermittent fasting (IF) as a non-drug therapy in the prevention of atherosclerosis, taking into account the impact of sex and diet. The IF protocol used was an every-other-day fasting regimen in which male or female mice had free access to food only on alternate days over 16 weeks from 8 weeks of age. During this period, mice were fed either standard chow diet (CD) or high fat and high cholesterol diet (HFCD). First, under CD, IF reduces body weight of males while it lowers plasma triglycerides levels independently from sex. In contrast, in HFCD-fed mice, IF exacerbates triglycerides accumulation in the plasma and the liver. Interestingly, IF regimen markedly decreases atherosclerotic lesions in male and female CD-fed mice. In conclusion, intermittent fasting is effective in reducing hyperlipidemia and spontaneous atherosclerosis progression in Apoe-/- mice, independently of sex. Conversely, IF is detrimental when mice were challenged with atherogenic diet. Thus, the effectiveness of IF against atherosclerosis progression might vary according to nutritional behavior. Collectively, the results of my thesis highlight that caution should be undertaken when using autophagy manipulation approaches in the context of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

    Liraglutide improves hepatic steatosis and metabolic dysfunctions in a 3-week dietary mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Liraglutide efficacy in a novel NASH model

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    International audienceNonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an emerging health problem worldwide. However, efficacious pharmacological treatment for NASH is lacking. A major issue for preclinical evaluation of potential therapeutics for NASH is the limited number of appropriate animal models, i.e., models that do not require long-term dietary intervention and adequately mimic disease progression in humans. The present study aimed to evaluate a 3-wk dietary mouse model of NASH and validate it by studying the effects of liraglutide, a compound in advanced clinical development for NASH. C57BL6/J mice were fed a diet high in fat (60%), cholesterol (1.25%), and cholic acid (0.5%), along with 2% hydroxypropyl-ÎČ-cyclodextrin in drinking water (HFCC-CDX diet). Histological and biological parameters were measured at 1 and 3 wk. After 1-wk diet induction, liraglutide was administrated daily for 2 wk and then NASH-associated phenotypic aspects were evaluated in comparison with control mice. Prior to treatment with liraglutide, mice fed the HFCC-CDX diet for 1 wk developed liver steatosis and had increased levels of oxidative-stress markers and hepatic and systemic inflammation. For mice not treated with liraglutide, these aspects were even more pronounced after 3 wk of the dietary period, with additional liver insulin resistance and fibrosis. Liraglutide treatment corrected the diet-induced alterations in glucose metabolism and significantly reduced hepatic steatosis and inflammation. This study provides a novel 3-wk dietary model of mice that rapidly develop NASH features, and this model will be suitable for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of compounds in preclinical drug development for NASH.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We propose a diet high in fat (60%), cholesterol (1.25%), and cholic acid (0.5%) along with 2% hydroxypropyl-ÎČ-cyclodextrin in drinking water (HFCC-CDX diet) as a new dietary model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. We used the HFCC-CDX model to reproduce the main features of disease development in humans for the purpose of facilitating the rapid screening of drug candidates and prioritizing the more promising candidates for advanced preclinical assessment and subsequent clinical trials

    C. Literaturwissenschaft.

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    C. Literaturwissenschaft.

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