Illumination effect of thermal comfort

Väri-lämpö hypoteesin mukaan ihminen aistii viileää kylmillä väreillä, esim. sininen ja lämmintä lämpimillä väreillä, esim. punainen. Väri-lämpö hypoteesin vaikutusta ihmiseen, valaistuksen värilämpötilaa (CCT) muuttamalla, on tutkittu vähän. Aiemmat tutkimukset väri-lämpö hypoteesista ovat kohdistuneet lähinnä värien muuttamiseen pinnoista, esim. seinät maalaamalla, heijastamalla värillinen dia tai käyttämällä värillistä filtteriä. Tässä diplomityössä on esitelty aiempia tutkimuksia. Työssä on tutkittu valaistuksen vaikutusta lämpöaistimukseen ja lämpöviihtyvyyteen. Tässä työssä on tutkittu kahdella huonelämpötilalla (20 °C ja 26 °C) 16 koehenkilöä. Kokeen aikana muutettiin värilämpötilaa (CCT) lämminsävyisestä kylmäsävyiseen portaittain (14 eri värilämpötilaa). Kokeessa koehenkilöt eivät havainneet muutosta. Kokeen aikana valaistusvoimakkuus oli vakio. Samat koehenkilöt suorittivat kokeen molemmilla huonelämpötiloilla. Koehenkilöt täyttivät tuntemuksistaan kyselylomakkeen, ensimmäisen värilämpötilan ollessa lämmin (2733 K), toisen värilämpötilan ollessa neutraali (4084 K) ja kolmannen kylmä (6208 K). Kokeessa väri-lämpö hypoteesin vaikutusta, värilämpötilaa (CCT) muuttamalla ei saatu todennettua. Matalammalla huonelämpötilalla koehenkilöt kokivat lämpötilan viileänä kaikilla värilämpötiloilla (CCT). Korkeammalla huonelämpötilalla koettu lämpötila oli hieman lämmin 2733 K värilämpötilalla. 4084 K värilämpötilalla koettu lämpötila oli neutraali. 6208 K värilämpötilalla koettu lämpötila oli hieman lämmin.   Matalammalla huonelämpötilalla koehenkilöt kokivat lämpötilan hieman epäviihtyisänä kaikilla värilämpötiloilla. Korkeammalla huonelämpötilalla koehenkilöt kokivat lämpötilan hieman viihtyisänä kaikilla värilämpötiloilla.According to hue-heat hypothesis a human being senses coolness in cold colors e.g. blue and warmth in warm colors e.g. red. The hue-heat effect is not well studied by changing the correlated color temperature (CCT) of lighting. Earlier studies on hue-heat hypothesis have been done by changing the colors of the room surfaces for example by painting the walls, by projecting a colored slide, or by using a color filter. The previous studies are presented in this thesis. The effect lighting has on thermal sensation and thermal comfort is studied. In this study two room temperatures (20°C and 26°C) was studied with 16 subjects. During the test the correlated color temperature (CCT) was shifted from warm to cold in 14 steps. The subjects were not able to detect this change. The illuminance level stayed constant during the test. Same group of subjects executed the test with both room temperatures. Subjects described their sensations by filling a questionnaire thrice: on warm (2733K), neutral (4084) and cold (6208K) correlated color temperature. In this study the effect of hue-heat hypothesis could not be verified by changing the CCT. On the lower room temperature subjects sensed the temperature cool with every CCT. On the higher room temperature subjects sensed the temperature slightly warm on warm CCT. With neutral CCT room was sensed neutral. With cold CCT room was sensed slightly warm. On the lower room temperature subjects experienced the temperature just uncomfortable with every CCT. On the higher room temperature subjects experienced the temperature just comfortable with every CCT

Myymälävalaistuksen muutostyön suunnittelu : Kohti energiatehokkaampaa valaistusta

Tässä insinöörityössä on tutkittu Vantaan Tammistossa sijaitsevan Iittalan outlet-myymälän valaistuksen muutostyötä. Tilan vanhaa valaistusjärjestelmää on arvioitu valaistusvoimakkuusmittauksin, henkilökuntaa haastattelemalla ja selvittämällä energiankulutus. Insinöörityössä on esitetty tilan toteutus LED-valaistuksella. Sama tila on esitetty myös monimetallivalaisimilla. Tavoitteena on saada energiatehokas ja yhteneväinen valaistus muiden Iittalan myymälöiden kanssa. Työssä on tutkittu standardin asettamia vaatimuksia valaistukselle. Vanhassa valaistuksessa valaistusvoimakkuus ylitti reilusti vaatimukset. Valaistus oli toteutettu monimetallivalaisimilla ja tästä johtuen energiatehokkuus oli hyvä. Tila kannattaisi toteuttaa LED-valaisimilla, koska energiatehokkuus olisi vielä parempi. Lisäksi myymälät ovat yhtenäisemmät ja viihtyisämmät, kuin erilaisilla valaistusjärjestelmillä toteutettuna. Toteutunut uusi valaistusjärjestelmä on tehty vanhoilla monimetallikohdevalaisimilla sekä toisentyyppisellä monimetalliriippuvalaisimella. LED-valaistusta ei myymälätilaan tullut.In this thesis the lighting modification to the Iittala outlet store in Vantaa Tammisto is evaluated. The old lighting system was evaluated by illuminance strength measurements, interviewing the staff and analyzing the energy consumption. The thesis presents the room fitted with LED-lighting. The same room is shown also using the metal halide lamps. The objective was to create energy-efficient lighting which is consistent with other Iittala stores. The stydy discusses the requirements of the lighting standard. With the old lighting, illuminance greatly exceeded the requirements. Lighting was implemented by metal halide lamps and as a result, energy efficiency was good. The room should be done with LED lighting, as energy efficiency is better that way. In addition, this way the stores are more unified and comfortable than they are when implemented with other lighting systems. The new lighting system is made with old metal halide downlights, as well as a with different type of metal halide pendant luminaires. The new lighting system was evaluated by illumination strength measurements, interviewing the staff and analyzing the energy consumption. LED lighting was not taken into use in the store

Underlying elements of image quality assessment: : Preference and terminology for communicating image quality characteristics

Image quality markedly affects the evaluation of images, and its control is crucial in studies using natural visual scenes as stimuli. Various image elements, such as sharpness or naturalness, can impact how observers view images and more directly how they evaluate their quality. To gain a better understanding of the types of interactions between these various elements, we conducted a study with a large set of images with multiple overlapping distortions, covering a wide range of quality variation. Observers assigned a quality rating on a 0-10 scale plus a verbal description of the images, explaining the elements on which their rating was based. Regression model predicting image quality ratings using 68 attributes uncovered the link between verbal descriptions and quality ratings and the importance of the image quality rating for each of the 68 image attributes. Brightness, naturalness, and good colors seem to be related to the highest image quality preference. However, the most important elements for predicting good image quality were related to image fidelity such as graininess and sharpness. This indicates that a certain level of image fidelity must be achieved before more subjective associations with, for instance, naturalness can emerge. Of the attributes, 72% had a negative impact on the preference judgment. This negative bias may be due to the fact that there are more ways that observers can perceive an image to fail than to excel when they are asked to evaluate image quality.Image quality markedly affects the evaluation of images, and its control is crucial in studies using natural visual scenes as stimuli. Various image elements, such as sharpness or naturalness, can impact how observers view images and, more directly, how they evaluate their quality. To gain a better understanding of the types of interactions between these various elements, we conducted a study with a large set of images with multiple overlapping distortions, covering a wide range of quality variation. Observers assigned a quality rating of the images on a 0–10 scale and gave a verbal description explaining the elements on which their rating was based. A regression model predicting image quality ratings using 68 attributes uncovered the link between verbal descriptions and quality ratings and the importance of the image quality rating for each of the 68 image attributes. Brightness, naturalness, and good colors seem to be related to the highest image quality preference. However, the most important elements for predicting good image quality were related to image fidelity such as graininess and sharpness. This indicates that a certain level of image fidelity must be achieved before more subjective associations with, for instance, naturalness can emerge. Of the attributes, 72% had a negative impact on the preference judgment. This negative bias may be due to the fact that there are more ways that observers can perceive an image to fail than to excel when they are asked to evaluate image quality.Peer reviewe

Market Integration of Farmed Trout in Germany

Price formation and integration of markets supplied by both farmed and captured fish is studied. Markets for trout and potential substitutes imported to Germany are analysed, and market delineation and market leaders identified. It is found that markets for small portion-sized farmed trout with white meat are related to, rather than completely separate from, other fish markets, and that markets for these trout are more closely linked to markets for captured fish than to farmed salmon. The implications are that although the part of the trout business operating with small freshwater ponds remains relatively unaffected by developments in other fish markets, careful attention should be paid to markets for and management of capture fisheries like cod, halibut, redfish, and mackerel, than to markets for farmed salmon.Price formation, market integration, captured-farmed fish, Production Economics, F15, Q21, Q22,

Identification of Depression and Screening for Work Disabilities among Long-Term Unemployed People

The study explores whether clinical screening targeted at work disabilities among long-term unemployed people reveals eligible individuals for a disability pension and the importance of depression in granting the disability pensions. A total of 364 participants of the screening project were considered as eligible to apply for disability pension. Among them, 188 were diagnosed as clinically depressed. They were classified into those with earlier depression diagnosis (n = 85), those whose depression had not been diagnosed earlier (n = 103), and those without diagnosed depression (n = 176). The association of this Depression identification pattern' with being granted a disability pension was explored by logistic regression analyses. Compared to those with earlier diagnosis, those whose depression had not been diagnosed earlier were granted disability pension more commonly (72% vs. 54% OR 2.2, p = 0.012). Corresponding figures of the undepressed were 73%, OR 2.3, p = 0.002. The adjustments did not affect the results. Clinical examination of the long-term unemployed people in terms of work disability seems to be worthwhile. In particular, the examination reveals new depression diagnoses, which contribute more to the award of disability pension than depression diagnosed earlier by regular health care. Novel ways to detect depression among the unemployed should be implemented in the health and employment services.Peer reviewe

Serum copper-to-zinc-ratio and risk of incident infection in men : the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

Infections are one of the main causes of mortality in elderly due to the decrease of immune response, for which copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are claimed to be crucial. High serum copper-to-zinc-ratio (Cu/Zn-ratio) has been reported with infections, but little is known whether it could also predict the incidence of infections. The study cohort consisted of 1975 men aged 42-60 years and free of severe infectious disease at baseline in 1984-1989 from the prospective population-based Kuopio Ischaemic & xfeff; Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. The main outcome was an incident infection leading to hospitalization. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for statistical analysis. During the average follow-up of 19.2 years, 636 incident first cases of infections were diagnosed. The hazard ratio (HR) of developing an incident infectious disease in the highest compared to the lowest Cu/Zn-ratio quartile after adjustment for age and baseline examination year was 1.35 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07-1.69, P-trend across quartiles = 0.005]. The association was slightly attenuated after additional adjustment for potential confounders (HR = 1.21, 95% CI = 0.96-1.53, P-trend = 0.054). Furthermore, higher serum Cu concentration was associated with higher risk of an incident infection. The multivariable-adjusted HR was 1.39 (95% CI = 1.10-1.75, P-trend = 0.005) in the highest versus the lowest serum Cu quartile. Serum Zn concentration was not associated with the risk (multivariable-adjusted extreme-quartile HR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.67-1.04, P-trend = 0.218). In conclusion, our data suggest that an increased Cu/Zn-ratio and especially serum Cu concentration are associated with increased risk of incident infections in middle-aged and older men in Eastern Finland.Peer reviewe

Human papillomavirus self-sampling with mRNA testing benefits routine screening

High risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) based screening provides the possibility of vaginal self-sampling as a tool to increase screening attendance. In order to evaluate the impact and feasibility of opt-in self-sampling in the Finnish setting, we invited a randomized population of 5350 women not attending screening after age group invitation or after reminder, to attend HPV self-sampling-based screening in the autumn of 2018 in Helsinki. Out of those, 1282 (24.0%) expressed their interest and ordered the sampling package. Eventually 787 women (14.7% of the total invited population) took part in screening, 770 women by providing a vaginal sample within 2 months from invitation and 17 by providing a pap smear in the laboratory. Self-taken samples were collected in Aptima Multitest vials and tested using the Aptima HPV mRNA assay. A high proportion, 158/770 (20.5%) of the samples were positive in the Aptima HPV assay. One hundred and forty-one samples were further submitted to Aptima HPV Genotyping and extended genotyping by a Luminex based assay. Of those, 23 samples (16.3%) were HPV 16 positive and 7 (5.0%) were positive for HPV 18/45; extended genotyping revealed multiple high-risk and low-risk HPV genotypes. At follow-up seven cases of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) were diagnosed, which represents 4.4% of HPV positive women and 0.9% of screened women, whereas the rate was 0.5% in routine screening. Our findings suggest that self-sampling with HPV mRNA testing is a feasible approach to improve screening efficacy in a high-risk population among original nonattendees.Peer reviewe

Thermal leptogenesis in a 5D split fermion scenario with bulk neutrinos

We study the thermal leptogenesis in a hybrid model, which combines the so called split fermion model and the bulk neutrino model defined in five dimensional spacetime. This model predicts the existence of a heavy neutrino pair nearly degenerate in mass, whose decays might generate a CP violation large enough for creating the baryon asymmetry of the universe through leptogenesis. We investigate numerically the constraints this sets on the parameters of the model such as the size of the compactified fifth dimension.Comment: 22 pages, 9 figure