Mass Stabilization as a Ground Improvement Method for Soft Peaty

Construction of road embankments or other infrastructures on soft peat is a challenge. The main problems are high compressibility and rather low undrained shear strength of peat. Mass stabilization provides a solution to improve the properties of a peaty subgrade. Mass stabilization is a ground improvement method, where hardened soil mass is created by adding binder into soil and by controlled in situ mixing. Mass stabilization poses an alternative solution for conventional mass replacement or other techniques, which leave peat in place. The chapter deals with mass stabilization of soft peat soil. Specific attention is paid to design, research and construction considerations, and experience obtained during last three decades. Peat properties before and after stabilization, design methods including pre-testing, stabilization technique and machinery, quality control methods and practices, binder technology, long-term performance of mass stabilized peat, environmental effects, feasibility, applications, and limitations are all presented and discussed in this chapter. The long-term observations (during the last 25 years) have shown that the strength of stabilized peat has continued to increase in average 1.6 times from the strength of 30 days. Therefore, mass stabilization has proven to be a flexible ground improvement method for peat layers with maximum thickness of 8 m

Ympäristönäytteiden pitkäaikaisen säilytyksen ja yhteiskäytön kehittäminen Suomessa

Julkaisussa on selvitetty ympäristönäytteiden pitkäaikaisen säilytyksen ja yhteiskäytön nykytila ja kehittämistarpeet Suomessa. Selvityksessä on huomioitu elollisia tai elottomia ympäristönäytteitä keräävät ja tallentavat tutkimuslaitokset, yliopistot ja luonnontieteelliset museot. Ihmisperäisten näytteiden tallentaminen (ns. biopankit) on tässä selvityksessä jätetty vähemmälle huomiolle. Julkaisu koostuu itsenäisistä kappaleista, jotka ovat luettavissa myös erillisinä omina osakokonaisuuksinaan. Julkaisussa pyritään luomaan pohja laajemmalle yhteistyölle ympäristönäytteiden sekä näytteitä käsittelevän tiedon tallennukseen ja käyttöön liittyvissä kysymyksissä. Selvityksen mukaan ympäristönäytteiden säilytystä ja hyötykäyttöä voidaan kehittää toimintoja keskittämällä ja laitosten välistä yhteistyötä tehostamalla sekä välittämällä aineistoja käsittelevä informaatio laajempaan saatavuuteen. Nämä toimet myös vähentävät ympäristönäytteiden keräämiseen ja säilyttämiseen liittyviä päällekkäisyyksiä

Variation of compounds in leaves of susceptible and resistant alternate hosts of Cronartium pini and C. ribicola

Leaf compounds may contribute to plant defense against Cronartium rusts. Secondary compounds are either natural or induced in leaves. We studied the variation of compounds in leaves of six alternate hosts of Cronartium pini and two of C. ribicola that represented either susceptible or resistant species to these rusts. Extracts from the plant leaves were analyzed using LC-MSMS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) and compounds were compared between susceptible and resistant species of the same plant genera to identify significant differences between resistant and susceptible species. Also, LC–MS (liquid chromatography mass spectrometry) with external calibration was used to quantify 12 candidate compounds known from the literature. Among these compounds, the most abundant significant ones in C. pini -resistant Melampyrum pratense were chlorogenic acid and quercitrin, in Veronica chamaedrys ferulic acid, quercitrin and luteolin and in Impatiens glandulifera quercitrin, ferulic acid, kaempferol, rutin and hyperoside. In C. ribicola -resistant Ribes rubrum the most abundant significant compounds were caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and quercitrin. Among all extracted leaf compounds, concentrations of three compounds were over 1000 times greater in rust-resistant M. pratense, three compounds in V. chamaedrys, eight compounds in I. glandulifera, and one compound in R. rubrum than in rust-susceptible species. Among the compounds, the most promising possibly linked to rust resistance were chlorogenic acid and quercitrin

Geochemical changes in podzolic forest soil 17 years after deep tilling

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Spatially valid data of atmospheric deposition of heavy metals and nitrogen derived by moss surveys for pollution risk assessments of ecosystems

For analysing element input into ecosystems and associated risks due to atmospheric deposition, element concentrations in moss provide complementary and time-integrated data at high spatial resolution every 5 years since 1990. The paper reviews (1) minimum sample sizes needed for reliable, statistical estimation of mean values at four different spatial scales (European and national level as well as landscape-specific level covering Europe and single countries); (2) trends of heavy metal (HM) and nitrogen (N) concentrations in moss in Europe (1990–2010); (3) correlations between concentrations of HM in moss and soil specimens collected across Norway (1990–2010); and (4) canopy drip-induced site-specific variation of N concentration in moss sampled in seven European countries (1990–2013). While the minimum sample sizes on the European and national level were achieved without exception, for some ecological land classes and elements, the coverage with sampling sites should be improved. The decline in emission and subsequent atmospheric deposition of HM across Europe has resulted in decreasing HM concentrations in moss between 1990 and 2010. In contrast, hardly any changes were observed for N in moss between 2005, when N was included into the survey for the first time, and 2010. In Norway, both, the moss and the soil survey data sets, were correlated, indicating a decrease of HM concentrations in moss and soil. At the site level, the average N deposition inside of forests was almost three times higher than the average N deposition outside of forests

Modelling spatial patterns of correlations between concentrations of heavy metals in mosses and atmospheric deposition in 2010 across Europe

Background: This paper aims to investigate the correlations between the concentrations of nine heavy metals in moss and atmospheric deposition within ecological land classes covering Europe. Additionally, it is examined to what extent the statistical relations are affected by the land use around the moss sampling sites. Based on moss data collected in 2010/2011 throughout Europe and data on total atmospheric deposition modelled by two chemical transport models (EMEP MSC-E, LOTOS-EUROS), correlation coefficients between concentrations of heavy metals in moss and in modelled atmospheric deposition were specified for spatial subsamples defined by ecological land classes of Europe (ELCE) as a spatial reference system. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and logistic regression (LR) were then used to separate moss sampling sites regarding their contribution to the strength of correlation considering the areal percentage of urban, agricultural and forestry land use around the sampling location. After verification LDA models by LR, LDA models were used to transform spatial information on the land use to maps of potential correlation levels, applicable for future network planning in the European Moss Survey. Results: Correlations between concentrations of heavy metals in moss and in modelled atmospheric deposition were found to be specific for elements and ELCE units. Land use around the sampling sites mainly influences the correlation level. Small radiuses around the sampling sites examined (5 km) are more relevant for Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn, while the areal percentage of urban and agricultural land use within large radiuses (75–100 km) is more relevant for As, Cr, Hg, Pb, and V. Most valid LDA models pattern with error rates of < 40% were found for As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and V. Land use-dependent predictions of spatial patterns split up Europe into investigation areas revealing potentially high (= above-average) or low (= below-average) correlation coefficients. Conclusions: LDA is an eligible method identifying and ranking boundary conditions of correlations between atmospheric deposition and respective concentrations of heavy metals in moss and related mapping considering the influence of the land use around moss sampling sites

Modelling and mapping heavy metal and nitrogen concentrations in moss in 2010 throughout Europe by applying Random Forests models

Objective: This study explores the statistical relations between the concentration of nine heavy metals(HM) (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb),vanadium (V), zinc (Zn)), and nitrogen (N) in moss and potential explanatory variables (predictors)which were then used for mapping spatial patterns across Europe. Based on moss specimens collected in 2010 throughout Europe, the statistical relation between a set of potential predictors (such as the atmospheric deposition calculated by use of two chemical transport models (CTM), distance from emission sources, density of different land uses, population density, elevation, precipitation, clay content of soils) and concentrations of HMs and nitrogen (N) in moss (response variables) were evaluated by the use of Random Forests (RF) and Classification and Regression Trees (CART). Four spatial scales were regarded: Europe as a whole, ecological land classes covering Europe, single countries participating in the European Moss Survey (EMS), and moss species at sampling sites. Spatial patterns were estimated by applying a series of RF models on data on potential predictors covering Europe. Statistical values and resulting maps were used to investigate to what extent the models are specific for countries, units of the Ecological Land Classification of Europe (ELCE), and moss species. Results: Land use, atmospheric deposition and distance to technical emission sources mainly influence the element concentration in moss. The explanatory power of calculated RF models varies according to elements measured in moss specimens, country, ecological land class, and moss species. Measured and predicted medians of element concentrations agree fairly well while minima and maxima show considerable differences. The European maps derived from the RF models provide smoothed surfaces of element concentrations (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, N, Ni, Pb, Hg, V, Zn), each explained by a multivariate RF model and verified by CART, and thereby more information than the dot maps depicting the spatial patterns of measured values. Conclusions: RF is an eligible method identifying and ranking boundary conditions of element concentrations in moss and related mapping including the influence of the environmental factors

Modelling spatial patterns of correlations between concentrations of heavy metals in mosses and atmospheric deposition in 2010 across Europe

BackgroundThis paper aims to investigate the correlations between the concentrations of nine heavy metals in moss and atmospheric deposition within ecological land classes covering Europe. Additionally, it is examined to what extent the statistical relations are affected by the land use around the moss sampling sites. Based on moss data collected in 2010/2011 throughout Europe and data on total atmospheric deposition modelled by two chemical transport models (EMEP MSC-E, LOTOS-EUROS), correlation coefficients between concentrations of heavy metals in moss and in modelled atmospheric deposition were specified for spatial subsamples defined by ecological land classes of Europe (ELCE) as a spatial reference system. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and logistic regression (LR) were then used to separate moss sampling sites regarding their contribution to the strength of correlation considering the areal percentage of urban, agricultural and forestry land use around the sampling location. After verification LDA models by LR, LDA models were used to transform spatial information on the land use to maps of potential correlation levels, applicable for future network planning in the European Moss Survey.ResultsCorrelations between concentrations of heavy metals in moss and in modelled atmospheric deposition were found to be specific for elements and ELCE units. Land use around the sampling sites mainly influences the correlation level. Small radiuses around the sampling sites examined (5km) are more relevant for Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn, while the areal percentage of urban and agricultural land use within large radiuses (75-100km) is more relevant for As, Cr, Hg, Pb, and V. Most valid LDA models pattern with error rates of <40% were found for As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and V. Land use-dependent predictions of spatial patterns split up Europe into investigation areas revealing potentially high (=above-average) or low (=below-average) correlation coefficients.ConclusionsLDA is an eligible method identifying and ranking boundary conditions of correlations between atmospheric deposition and respective concentrations of heavy metals in moss and related mapping considering the influence of the land use around moss sampling sites

Technical specification for federation of cyber ranges

Euroopan Unionin kyberturvallisuusstrategia määrittää kyberturvallisuusharjoitukset yhdeksi työkaluksi, jolla voidaan lisätä kyberresilienssiä. Kyberturvallisuusharjoitusten alustana käytetään usein kyberympäristöä, kuten JYVSECTECin RGCE:tä. Euroopassa on useita kyberympäristöjä, joiden ominaisuudet eroavat toisistaan. Kyberympäristöjen yhteenliittämisellä mahdollistettaisiin laajempia ja monipuolisempia kyberturvallisuusharjoituksia Opinnäytetyön tärkeimpänä tavoitteena oli tehdä vaatimusmäärittely verkolle, jolla eri kyberympäristöt voitaisiin liittää toisiinsa. Muina tutkimuskysymyksinä oli tutkia eri tekniikoita, joilla tämä verkko voitaisiin toteuttaa sekä määrittää käyttötapauskuvaukset yhteenliittämiseen. Tutkimusmateriaalina käytettiin tieteellisiä julkaisuja, yleisiä standardeja sekä valmistajien julkaisuja. Opinnäytetyön tuloksena oli 17 vaatimuksen lista yhteenliittämiseen tarkoitetulle verkolle. Tämän lisäksi opinnäytetyössä laadittiin tarkastuslista, jota voidaan käyttää kyberympäris-töjen välillä yhteenliittämisen jälkeen, jotta liittymisen jälkeen muodostunutta kyberympä-ristöä voidaan käyttää kyberturvallisuusharjoituksessa.The cybersecurity strategy of the European Union states that one of the tools to make a cyber-domain safer and achieve cyber resilience is reached with cyber security exercises. Cyber security exercises use cyber ranges such as JYVSECTEC's RGCE. There are several different kinds of cyber ranges in Europe, the capabilities of which vary. By connecting these cyber ranges together, it might be possible to design more versatile cyber security exercises. The main goal of this master's thesis was to define the technical requirements for the cyber range federation and the overlay network that connects the cyber ranges. Other re-search questions were to research technical solutions for the overlay network and define use cases for the federation. The researched literature was gathered from academic, vendor publications and standards. The master’s thesis resulted in use cases, a list of requirements and a checklist. The list of requirements includes 17 different requirements for the interconnection of cyber ranges. After the initial technical connection, there are many different aspects to consider before the federation is usable. The purpose of the checklist meaning is to take these aspects or problems into account and thus help to connect the functions of different cyber ranges together

Konalan Sortti-aseman asiakastyytyväisyys : laajennetut aukioloajat ja uudet asiointitavat

Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli tutkia Konalan Sortti-aseman asiakastyytyväisyyttä. Tavoitteena oli tuottaa tietoa päätöksenteon tueksi koskien Sortti-aseman itsepalvelujärjestelmää, eSortti-palvelua sekä viikonlopun aukioloaikoja. Tietoa kerättiin asiakkaille tehtävän asiakastyytyväisyyskyselyn avulla. Teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä esitellään opinnäytetyön toimeksiantajan organisaatio ja sen toimialueet sekä jätehuollon toimialueen piiriin kuuluva Sortti-asema toiminta. Lisäksi teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä käsitellään asiakaskokemuksen kolme osatekijää ja sitä, kuinka ne sitoutuvat toisiinsa. Innovaation diffuusiteoria kertoo, kuinka ihmiset ottavat uusia innovaatioita käyttöönsä ja mihin asioihin uudistuksia kehittäessä kannattaa kiinnittää erityistä huomiota. Tutkimus toteutettiin pääosin kvantitatiivisella tutkimusmenetelmällä. Kyselylomake luotiin Microsoft Forms -ohjelmalla. Haastattelut tehtiin kasvotusten Konalan Sortti-asemalla yhden viikonlopun aikana. Vastaajia kertyi sata ja kaikista viikonlopun kävijöistä se oli 10,4 prosenttia. Tulokset analysoitiin ja havainnollistettiin graafisesti kysymyskohtaisesti ja osin käytettiin ristiintaulukointia. Opinnäytetyön perusteella voidaan todeta, että asiakkaat ovat yleisesti erittäin tyytyväisiä Sortti-asema palveluun. Uudet asiointitavat on otettu hyvin vastaan ja asiakkaat kokivat viikonlopun aukioloajat tervetulleiksi uudistuksiksi. Viikonlopun aukioloaikojen jatkamisesta pilottijakson jälkeen asiakkaat ovat yksimielisiä. Kehityskohteita löytyi lähinnä uuteen eSortti-palveluun liittyen, esimerkiksi ajokaistojen merkintöihin kaivattiin selkeyttä