Modelo de prácticas de laboratorio con el lenguaje R, para la solución de problemas de Estadística 1, en el programa de Ingeniería de Sistemas en la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira

R es un lenguaje de programación y a su vez un entorno, disponible como software libre y distribuido bajo la licencia GNU GPL. Este lenguaje es de orientación estadística, y se diferencia de otros programas que se suelen usar con una interfaz de ventana, y con varias opciones visuales, que a su vez son más limitadas. R es manejado por medio de consola, para ingresar el código nativo de su lenguaje, para obtener las funciones, gráficas y los resultados buscados. El lenguaje R es desarrollado por Robert Gentleman y Ross Ihaka del departamento de Estadística de la University of Auckland, ubicada en Auckland, Nueva Zelanda. La base de este lenguaje, fue el lenguaje S, donde los diseñadores iniciales Gentleman e Ihaka hicieron la combinación de las virtudes del Lenguaje S y Scheme (ahora llamada Racket)

Propuesta de un diseño de estación de monitorización en tiempo real: implementación y rendimiento en diferentes condiciones ambientales

With the aim of creating a real-time monitoring network for both oceanographic and meteorological data, a monitoring station conceptual design was developed. A common framework for software and electronics was adapted to different environmental conditions using two buoy approaches: one intended for oceanic waters, to be moored up to 30-40 m depth, where waves are the critical design factor, and one for continental waters (rivers, lakes and the inner part of estuaries), where currents are the critical design factor. When structures such as bridges are present in the area, the monitoring station can be installed on these structures, thus reducing its impact and increasing safety. In this paper, the design, implementation, operation and performance of these stations are described. A reliability index is calculated for the longest time series of the three related deployment options on the Galician coast: Cíes (oceanic buoy in front of the Ría de Vigo), Catoira (continental buoy in the Ulla river) and Cortegada (installation in a bed in the Ría de Arousa).Con el fin de crear una red de monitorización en tiempo real de variables tanto oceanográficas como meteorológicas, se ha desarrollado el diseño conceptual de una estación de monitorización. Este diseño común de electrónica y programación se ha adaptado a las diferentes condiciones ambientales del medio empleando dos tipos diferentes de boya: uno para aguas oceánicas, que puede ser fondeado hasta 30-40 m de profundidad, donde el oleaje es el factor crítico a tener en cuenta para su diseño, y otro para aguas continentales (ríos, lagos o incluso para la parte interior de estuarios), donde las corrientes son el principal elemento ambiental que ha de ser considerado. Asimismo, cuando existen estructuras en el medio, como puentes, esta estación puede ser instalada sobre dichas estructuras, reduciendo así su impacto e incrementando la seguridad. En este trabajo se describen el diseño, implementación, operación y funcionamiento de esta estación. También se calcula el índice de éxito en las series temporales más largas de cada una de las tres posibles ubicaciones descritas en la costa gallega: Cíes (boya oceánica frente a la Ría de Vigo), Catoira (boya continental en el río Ulla) y Cortegada (instalada en una batea en la Ría de Arousa)

Implementation of Irrigation with Dairy Cattle Manure for Tropical Perennial Pastures in Costa Rica

Animal manures allow nutrients recycling in cropping systems, while contributing to the fulfillment of environmental standards. Pasture irrigation with animal manures has been fostered for Costa Rican dairy farms over the last 15 yr. A lack of information and training regarding irrigation and management of animal manures has led to the implementation of diverse methods by producers, but those have not yet been characterized. This study aimed to describe the current management of Costa Rican dairy farms irrigating perennial pastures with slurries. The farms were mostly grass-based systems with supplements fed to cows during the time spent at the milking parlor and/or in feeding stalls through the day. Farms collect manure when facilities are washed with water, which is then stored in plastic tanks or cement structures for less than 1 day before irrigating pastures. The amount of water used by dairy producers was greater than the recommended water/manure ratio (13.4 vs. 4.0 L kg–1), with only one farm reporting values below this ratio. Slurries were sampled and analyzed for their nutrient and microbial content. Both nutrient and microbial content varied in this study due to factors specific to each farm, especially with respect to water management. The variability found in water use among farms and regions (2.4–36.7 L kg–1) may generate unintended consequences from an environmental standpoint. Sustainability of Costa Rican dairy farms can be enhanced if specific guidelines for manure irrigation are developed, which could have benefits for chemical fertilizer use and environmental effect.Universidad de Costa Rica/[739-B7-063]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Escuela de Zootecni

Validez de la sociedad comercial formada por el hombre y la mujer casados en sociedad conyugal.

40 p.Conociendo la importancia de las sociedades, nos surgió la duda de la validez de éstas, en el caso que estén formadas por marido y mujer casados en sociedad conyugal. Utilizaremos en la ejecución de esta memoria, esencialmente la metodología de la investigación dogmática jurídica. El principal fin de esta recopilación investigativa, memoria, es mostrar la plena validez de este tipo de sociedades, lo cual lo demostramos de distintas formas; • Una de ellas fue exponer la tesis contraria, para luego contrarrestarla con la nuestra. • Otra fue ver el problema en el derecho comparado específicamente en Argentina. • Luego analizamos someramente la Jurisprudencia a favor de nuestra tesis. • Terminando con la entrevista a profesores para formarnos una visión clara y obtenida de primera fuente. Como conclusión creemos que la validez de dicho tipo de sociedades es incuestionable

Identification and characterization of the PhhR regulon in Pseudomonas putida

Pseudomonas putida is a soil microorganism that utilizes aromatic amino acids present in root exudates as a nitrogen source. We have previously shown that the PhhR transcriptional regulator induces phhAB genes encoding a phenylalanine hydroxylase. In this study we show, using microarray assays and promoter fusions, that PhhR is a global regulator responsible for the activation of genes essential for phenylalanine degradation, phenylalanine homeostasis and other genes of unknown function. Recently, it has been shown that phenylalanine catabolism occurs through more than one pathway. One of these possible pathways involves the metabolism of phenylalanine via tyrosine, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, and homogentisate. We identified two genes within this pathway that encode an acyl-CoA transferase involved in the metabolism of acetoacetate. All genes in this pathway were induced in response to phenylalanine in a PhhR-proficient background. The second potential degradative pathway involves the degradation of phenylalanine to produce phenylpyruvate, which seems to be degraded via phenylacetyl-CoA. A number of mutants in the paa genes encoding phenylacetyl-CoA degradation enzymes fail to grow on phenylpyruvate or phenylacetate, further supporting the existence of this second pathway. We found that the PhhR regulon also includes genes involved in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids that are repressed in the presence of phenylalanine, suggesting the possibility of feedback at the transcriptional level. In addition, we found that PhhR modulates the level of expression of the broad-substrate-specificity MexEF/OprN efflux pump. Expression from this pump is under the control of mexT gene product because phenylalanine-dependent transcription from the mexE promoter does not occur in a mexT mutant background. These results place PhhR as an important regulator in the control of bacterial responses to aromatic amino acids

Acerca de las cartas de servicios de bibliotecas públicas españolas: un análisis de la información sobre los derechos de autor.

Objective. The majority of the services offered by public libraries are involved in copyright. This work has the aim to find out, based on the content analysis of the services charts, whether the existing relationships between the services offered and the copyright involved are properly identified and whether this is adequately communicated to the users as required by the quality management regulation. Design/Methodology/Approach. It is based on the location of the services charts of the Spanish public libraries. A sample is selected for the qualitative analysis including a wide variety of libraries. Out of these, as a first approach to the study of the subject, only the services and information of general nature are analysed. The following aspects are also checked: the existence of references to the regulations on copyright; the mechanisms available for the citizen to communicate with the library and participate in its management; and the services offered and the legal consequences for the citizen, what should be reflected on the content of the services charts. Results/Discussion. The results bring to light the fact that the references to copyrights in the services charts of the Spanish public libraries are scarce, either regulations or matters of general nature or specific regarding their application to the services provided to users. Conclusions. This work exposes that the services offered by public libraries have numerous copyright implications but that these do not seem to be properly identified for their inclusion in the services charts. The conclusions specify what sort of information is gathered in this respect and which way. Originality/Value. The majority of the services offered by public libraries are involved in copyright. However, this is an insufficiently studied field. In addition, these implications have increased in number and complexity with the development of the digital environment. On the other hand, the application of the quality management and the rules derived from this compels the public libraries to elaborate quality tools with the purpose of facilitating the communication between the institution and the citizens, in particular, the services charts. Thus, a study of this nature is of interest