Dementia research in the Caribbean Hispanic islands: Present findings and future trends

During the last decade, the Caribbean Hispanic islands experienced accelerated demographic aging, representing the fastest aging region within Latin America. Age-related non-communicable diseases, including dementia, are now reported at high prevalence. The Caribbean islands share similar genetic ancestry, culture, migration patterns, and risk profiles, providing a unique setting to understand dementia in the Caribbean-Hispanics. This perspective article aimed to describe the impact of dementia in the Caribbean, at a local and regional level and reflect on research strategies to address dementia. We report on 10/66 project findings, described research projects and regional plans for the region. According to our results, the prevalence of dementia in the Caribbean is the highest in Latin America, with 11.7% in Dominican Republic, 11.6% in Puerto Rico, and 10.8% in Cuba. Preliminary data from new waves of the 10/66 study shows increasing numbers of dementia cases. Furthermore, dementia is expected to be one of the most serious medical and social issues confronted by Caribbean health systems. However, there is a scarcity of knowledge, awareness, and health services to deal with this public health crisis. In light of the new evidence, local and regional strategies are underway to better understand dementia trends for the region and develop policies aimed to decrease the impact of dementia. Implementation of our national plans is critical to deal with an aging population with high dementia rates. Current recommendations include emphasizing public health prevention campaigns to address modifiable risk factors and expand support to caregiver and family interventions

Del envejecimiento a la enfermedad de alzheimer

Prolongar la esperanza máxima de vida ha sido una aspiración permanente en todas las civilizaciones. Como resultado de tal incremento en la esperanza de vida, existe un progresivo y continuo crecimiento del número de personas mayores de 65 años. En este grupo etáreo, se origina una proliferación creciente de un número importante de enfermedades crónicas, entre las que el síndrome demencial ocupa un lugar relevante. Definir el envejecimiento cognitivo normal es complejo, pero la mayoría de los investigadores afirma que el anciano normal, es decir, sin ninguna enfermedad, no tiene deterioro cognitivo. Los síntomas en la fase inicial de la EA son leves y se superponen con los cambios atribuibles al envejecimiento. Se plantea, que el DCL sea un estado transicional entre las capacidades cognitivas normales y una claramente reconocible EA (continuumcognitivo). Identificar a los individuos con mayor riesgo de desarrollar este tipo de demencia, es actualmente un tópico de gran interés teórico y práctico. Las mediciones de memoria episódica y función ejecutiva son las más sensibles para detectar individuos que desarrollarán demencia. Es de suma importancia, entonces, poder evaluar tempranamente los cambios cognitivos que se presenten en los ancianos.Palabras clave: Envejecimiento, continuum cognitivo, enfermedad de alzheimer, deterioro cognitivo leve, predictores.</p

El deterioro cognitivo leve. Un paso antes de la enfermedad de Alzheimer

Las quejas sobre la función cognitiva de los pacientes son un motivo creciente deatención en las consultas. El deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL), es considerado comoun grupo patológico, según las tasas anuales de evolución a enfermedad deAlzheimer (EA), generalmente superiores a 10%. Se propone, que exista uncontinuum entre el envejecimiento normal y la EA. La pérdida de memoria es tancaracterística de esta última, que su diagnóstico deberá ponerse en duda si no estápresente. El DCL, es aceptado como una entidad diagnóstica y se refiere a unestado transitorio entre la normalidad y la demencia. Diversos resultados hanrevelado la asociación de algunas pruebas neuropsicológicas con el diagnósticofuturo de demencia. El tratamiento farmacológico del DCL puede retrasar eldiagnóstico clínico de la EA.Palabras clave: Deterioro cognitivo leve, Enfermedad de Alzheimer, memoriaepisódica, demencia

Interactions between genetic admixture, ethnic identity, APOE genotype and dementia prevalence in an admixed Cuban sample; a cross-sectional population survey and nested case-control study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The prevalence and incidence of dementia are low in Nigeria, but high among African-Americans. In these populations there is a high frequency of the risk-conferring APOE-e4 allele, but the risk ratio is less than in Europeans. In an admixed population of older Cubans we explored the effects of ethnic identity and genetic admixture on APOE genotype, its association with dementia, and dementia prevalence.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A cross-sectional catchment area survey of 2928 residents aged 65 and over, with a nested case-control study of individual admixture. Dementia diagnosis was established using 10/66 Dementia and DSM-IV criteria. APOE genotype was determined in 2520 participants, and genetic admixture in 235 dementia cases and 349 controls.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Mean African admixture proportions were 5.8% for 'white', 28.6% for 'mixed' and 49.6% for 'black' ethnic identities. All three groups were substantially admixed with considerable overlap. African admixture was linearly related to number of APOE-e4 alleles. One or more APOE-e4 alleles was associated with dementia in 'white' and 'black' but not 'mixed' groups but neither this, nor the interaction between APOE-e4 and African admixture (PR 0.52, 95% CI 0.13-2.08) were statistically significant. Neither ethnic identity nor African admixture was associated with dementia prevalence when assessed separately. However, considering their joint effects African versus European admixture was independently associated with a higher prevalence, and 'mixed' or 'black' identity with a lower prevalence of dementia.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>APOE genotype is strongly associated with ancestry. Larger studies are needed to confirm whether the concentration of the high-risk allele in those with African ancestry is offset by an attenuation of its effect. Counter to our hypothesis, African admixture may be associated with higher risk of dementia. Although strongly correlated, effects of admixture and ethnic identity should be distinguished when assessing genetic and environmental contributions to disease risk in mixed ancestry populations.</p

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Actualización sobre la enfermedad de Alzheimer

La enfermedad de Alzheimer es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa progresiva que afecta aproximadamente el 8 % de la población mayor de 65 años y el 30 % de la población mayor de 80 años, en los países con una alta expectativa de vida como el nuestro, con un elevado costo económico, social y fundamentalmente humano. Existe una necesidad urgente de investigaciones dirigidas a estimar la prevalencia e incidencia de la enfermedad, conocer sus factores de riesgo, así como cuantificar el impacto en la familia y en la sociedad, lo que permitiría trazar estrategias dirigidas a esta población y su familia. La mayor influencia en el diagnóstico temprano, la atención médica a los pacientes y su familia y su repercusión directa en la calidad de vida, dependerá de la preparación y actualización del equipo de atención primaria de salud. Es por ello que en la presente revisión se abordan los aspectos relacionados con la epidemiología y los factores de riesgo, el diagnóstico y las estrategias actuales de tratamiento de este creciente problema de salud.Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting approximately 8 % of the population over 65 and 30 % of the population over 80 in those countries with a life expectancy at birth as high as ours, with an elevated economic, social and mainly human cost. There is an urgent need to make researches directed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of the disease, to know its risk factors, and to quantify the impact on family and society, which will allow to establish strategies directed to this population and its family. The highest influence on the early diagnosis, the medical attention given to patients and their families and its direct repercussion on the quality of life, will depend on the training and updating of the primary health care team. That's why those aspects connected with the epidemiology and the risk factors, the diagnosis and the current strategies of treatment of this increasing health problem are dealt with in the present review

Del envejecimiento a la enfermedad de alzheimer From aging to alzheimer´s disease

Prolongar la esperanza máxima de vida ha sido una aspiración permanente en todas las civilizaciones. Como resultado de tal incremento en la esperanza de vida, existe un progresivo y continuo crecimiento del número de personas mayores de 65 años. En este grupo etáreo, se origina una proliferación creciente de un número importante de enfermedades crónicas, entre las que el síndrome demencial ocupa un lugar relevante. Definir el envejecimiento cognitivo normal es complejo, pero la mayoría de los investigadores afirma que el anciano normal, es decir, sin ninguna enfermedad, no tiene deterioro cognitivo. Los síntomas en la fase inicial de la EA son leves y se superponen con los cambios atribuibles al envejecimiento. Se plantea, que el DCL sea un estado transicional entre las capacidades cognitivas normales y una claramente reconocible EA (continuum cognitivo). Identificar a los individuos con mayor riesgo de desarrollar este tipo de demencia, es actualmente un tópico de gran interés teórico y práctico. Las mediciones de memoria episódica y función ejecutiva son las más sensibles para detectar individuos que desarrollarán demencia. Es de suma importancia, entonces, poder evaluar tempranamente los cambios cognitivos que se presenten en los ancianos.<br>In every civilization to extend maximum life expectancy has been a perm.anent aspiration. As a result of the increasing in life expectancy there has been a progressive and continuum growing of the number of people older than 65 years old. In this aging group it is also originated a proliferation of chronic diseases among which dementia syndrome take a relevant place. To define normal cognitive aging is complex, but the majority of the researchers affirm that the normal elderly, it mind without any illness do no have any cognitive deterioration. The symptoms at the initial stated of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are mild and superpose with the changes referable to aging. It been said that MCI is a transitional stated between the normal cognitive capacity and a clear identification of AD (continuum cognitive). To identify the individual with the major risk of development this type of dementia is now a topic of great theoretical and practical interest. The measurement of episodic memory and executive functions are the most sensible so as to detect individuals developing dementia. It is them of the great important the early evaluations of cognitive changes that appear in the elderly people

El deterioro cognitivo leve. Un paso antes de la enfermedad de Alzheimer Mild cognitive impairment. An step before Alzheimer´s disease

Las quejas sobre la función cognitiva de los pacientes son un motivo creciente de atención en las consultas. El deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL), es considerado como un grupo patológico, según las tasas anuales de evolución a enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), generalmente superiores a 10%. Se propone, que exista un continuum entre el envejecimiento normal y la EA. La pérdida de memoria es tan característica de esta última, que su diagnóstico deberá ponerse en duda si no está presente. El DCL, es aceptado como una entidad diagnóstica y se refiere a un estado transitorio entre la normalidad y la demencia. Diversos resultados han revelado la asociación de algunas pruebas neuropsicológicas con el diagnóstico futuro de demencia. El tratamiento farmacológico del DCL puede retrasar el diagnóstico clínico de la EA.The murmurs about the cognitive functions in the patients are the rising motive to the consults. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is consider a pathologic group according to the anual valuation of the evolution to the Alzheimer's disease (AD), generally superior to 10%. It had been propose that there is a continuum between normal aging and AD. Lost of memory is an important characteristic of this disease so the diagnosis can be put in doubt if it is no present. MCI is accepted like a diagnostic entity and refers to the temporary state between normality and dementia. Several results had revealed the association of some neuropsychological test with the future diagnosis of the dementia. The pharmacological treatment of MCI can delay the clinical diagnosis of the AD

Incidence of dementia and association with APOE genotype in older Cubans

OBJECTIVE: In an admixed population of older Cubans, the incidence and association of APOE and socio demographic risk factors with dementia incidence was estimated. METHODS: A single-phase survey (baseline) of all over 65-year-olds residing in seven catchment areas in Cuba (n=2944) was conducted between 2003 and 2007. Dementia diagnosis was established according to DSM-IV and 10/66 criteria. APOE genotype was determined in 2520 participants. An incidence wave was conducted 4.5 years after cohort inception in order to estimate incidence and associations with sociodemographic risk factors of the APOE &#949;4 genotype. RESULTS: The incidence rate of DSM IV dementia was 9.0 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 7.2-11.3) and of 10/66 dementia was 20.5 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 17.6-23.5). Older age, a family history of dementia and APOE &#949;4 genotype were independent risk factors for incident 10/66 dementia. APOE genotype was associated cross-sectionally with dementia prevalence, but the effect on the incidence of dementia was attenuated, and only apparent among those in the youngest age group. CONCLUSION: The incidence of dementia in the older Cuban population is relatively high and similar to levels reported in Europe and North-America. The study showed that the relationship between APOE &#949;4 and incident dementia is stronger in the younger-old than the older-old and that this change must be taken into account in models of dementia