3,312 research outputs found
Women and Head of Household in Early Modern Rural León, Spain
Si bien a lo largo de las últimas décadas han proliferado los estudios sobre mujeres, para la provincia de León el tema ha estado un tanto descuidado por la historiografía modernista. Este trabajo, con el que pretendemos contribuir a cubrir una parte de esa parcela de la Historia Social, lo hemos centrado en el análisis de la jefatura del hogar. Para su estudio hemos utilizado los Libros de Familia del Catastro del marqués de la Ensenada y una serie de padrones de cronología muy variada. A su vez, y dada la diversidad paisajística y, por ende, económica del territorio leonés, hemos cuantificado el número de mujeres que detentaban la jefatura del hogar por comarcas, para conocer la influencia del medio sobre esa variable, también analizamos la evolución de esos resultados y las formas de corresidencia de esas mujeres.Although women’s studies have proliferated in recent decades, this subject has been rather neglected by Early Modern Historiography as regards the province of León, in the northwest of Spain. The aim of this study is to make a contribution to this aspect of Social History, focusing on an analysis of household heads. To this end, we analysed the Family Registers (Libros de Familia) of the mid-eighteenth-century famous census known as Catastro of Ensenada, and a series of registers from a wide range of dates. Given the diversity of territories, and consequently, of economic activities in the province of León, we quantified the number of women acting as head of household by region, in order to determine the influence of the environment on this variable. Finally, we also study how this data changed over time, and the forms of co-residence among these women
El Islam en la vida de la mujer a través de los tiempos
Las autoras abordan el problema de la mujer musulmana a lo largo del tiempo hasta la actualidad, asunto complicado por la heterogeneidad de la población femenina de todos los países de religión musulmana, y por la diferente situación social y política imperante en cada uno de ellos, donde aún hoy conviven estructuras familiares cuasi tribales y patriarcales con otras modernizadas. Mujeres del ámbito rural y mujeres ciudadanas son dos realidades bien distintas. Se puede decir que en la mayoría de los países conviven la tradición y la modernidad. Aún con esta dificultad aparece una nueva mujer musulmana que empezó a emerger con fuerza a mediados del siglo XX en países islámicos como Egipto, Líbano, Turquía, Siria, Túnez o Marruecos e incluso países más integristas y severos en el cumplimiento de los preceptos religiosos como Arabia Saudí o Irán no se ajusta a la imagen estática y sumisa que se les ha atribuido desde la aparición del Islam.The authors raise the problem of Muslim women throughout the centuries up until today, which is indeed a difficult task due to the diversity of the female population in Muslim countries along with their social status and the dominant policy in each of these countries, where nowadays there are still tribal and patriarchal families who coexist with modernized ones. Women from rural areas and women living in cities belong to very different realities. It could be said that in most countries both tradition and modernity live together. Even in such difficulty there comes out the new Muslim woman, the new model that started to come strongly into existence in the mid-XX century in Islamic countries such as Egypt, Lebanon, Turkey, Syria, Tunisia or Morocco, and even in more fundamentalist countries such as Saudi Arabia or Iran. The new women do not exactly adjust to the static and submissive image that has been attributed to them since Islamism appeared
Conical spouted bed combustor to obtain clean energy from avocado waste
The advantages of spouted bed technology for waste treatment are linked to the high excess of renewable biomass waste generated by the large worldwide consumption of avocado. Therefore, the applicability of avocado waste as fuel in a novel conical spouted bed combustor was investigated. The solid cyclic movement in this reactor innovatively promotes better mass and heat transfer, as well as better energy exploitation of the waste. Local heat transfer coefficients were experimentally determined in the beds of avocado waste in the combustor to assess their heat transfer and determine their value as biofuels. The combustion of the avocado beds in the spouted bed regime was performed at 300–600 °C in a conical reactor at the minimum spouting velocity. The exhaust gas evolution was monitored over time, and the emission ratios were calculated. The combustion efficiencies of avocado seeds, skin, and their binary mixtures, determined from flue gas concentrations, were compared, and the effects of temperature and bed composition on combustion efficiency were analyzed.This work is part of the project Grant PID2021-126331OB-I00 and grant TED2021-130150B-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. Open Access funding provided by the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
The work of the ecclesiastical court of León in the second half of the eighteenth century
[ES] Los Expedientes Matrimoniales ofrecen una gran riqueza informativa, desde aspectos demográficos hasta la sexualidad, pasando, por supuesto, por la sociología del matrimonio, e, incluso, nos brindan noticias de la vida cotidiana. En el Archivo Diocesano de León, esa documentación comienza a tener continuidad en la segunda mitad del siglo xviii. Para acercarnos a la actividad del tribunal eclesiástico leonés en esta materia, hemos tomado una muestra de veinticinco años, desde 1755 hasta 1780. En primer lugar, nos planteamos conocer cuáles eran las causas a las que atendían y la prelación de las mismas y, a continuación, analizar los motivos que desencadenaron aquellas que desembocaron en litigios y que, como veremos, casi todos estuvieron relacionados con los esponsales. Ahora bien, hemos de tener en cuenta que la visión que obtendremos de tal problemática será parcial, pues no hemos de olvidar que eran de fuero mixto.[EN] Marriage Records offer a wealth of information for various fields of research, including demography, the sociology of marriage and sexuality, and even shed light on daily life. These records began to be maintained regularly in the Diocesan Archives of León in the second half of the eighteenth century. For the present study, a 25 years sample (from 1755 to 1780) was analyzed to determine the work of the ecclesiastical court of León. The aim was to determine the cases heard and the priority given to these, and then, in all those that led to litigation, to analyze the reasons that triggered them, almost all related to betrothal. It should be borne in mind that this overview of the problem is partial, because it was often subject to a mixed jurisdiction. S
Peer Victimization in Overweight Adolescents and Its Effect on Their Self-Esteem and Peer Difficulties
This study has three objectives: to examine whether adolescents who perceive themselves as overweight differ from others in terms of offline victimization at school, cybervictimization, self-esteem, and difficulties relating to peers; to examine the possible effects of offline and cybervictimization on self-esteem and difficulties relating to peers; and to examine the possible moderating role of perceiving oneself as overweight on those effects. Previously validated questionnaires were applied to a sample of 3145 adolescents in Asturias (Spain). Descriptive, inferential, correlational, and structural equation analyses were performed. Adolescents who perceived themselves as overweight reported being victims of both offline victimization and most forms of cybervictimization to a greater extent than those who did not perceive themselves as overweight. They also reported lower self-esteem and more peer difficulties (shyness or social anxiety). In both groups of adolescents, victimization and cybervictimization were correlated with each other, both types of victimization had direct, negative effects on self-esteem, and self-esteem in turn had a direct, negative effect on peer difficulties. Furthermore, offline victimization had a direct, positive effect on peer difficulties. Perceiving oneself as overweight moderated the effect of self-esteem on peer difficulties. In adolescents perceiving themselves as overweight, low self-esteem was a stronger risk factor of peer difficulties than in the rest of the adolescents. With high overall self-esteem there were no significant differences in peer difficulties between the adolescents perceiving themselves as overweight and the rest of the adolescents
Modelos socioeconómicos en la provincia de León: la Montaña y Tierra de Campos en el siglo XVIII
[ES] Analizando la provincia de León bajo criterios ecológicos, cabe diferenciar diez grandes comarca naturales, con mayores o menores similitudes. De éstas, nosotros hemos seleccionado dos totalmente contrapuestas para conocer el modelo socioeconómico que rigió en el siglo XVIII. Se trata de la Montaña Noroccidental o Montaña de Luna y Sahagún. Contraponer Montaña y Sahagún nos lleva, instintivamente, a visualizar dos paisajes totalmente diferentes: la escabrosidad del norte y la suavidad de las riberas bajas del Cea y Campos. Estas diferencias, tan evidentes en la forma lógicamente, y a priori, nos conducirán a desigualdades en el fondo. Es decir, el paisaje agrario tendrá una organización totalmente diferente, lo cual influirá sobre una serie de variables más o menos determinantes a la hora de configurar la estructura socio-económica imperante. Esta estructura permitiría a cada una de estas comunidades disponer su espacio agrícola y ganadero, de tal forma que los rendimientos les permitan alcanzar la viabilidad necesaria para garantizar la reproducción social.[EN] Analysing the province of León with ecologic criteria, we distinguish between ten large natural región, with major or minors differences. We have selected two of them, set against, to know the socioeconomic model that rules in the XVIII Century. They are Northwest Mountain or «Montaña de Luna» and Sahagún. Comparing these two territories carries us, instinctively, to visualize two totally different landscapes: The scabrousity of the North and the smothery of the lower banks of the Cea and Campos. These differences, so evident in the shape, will drive us to inequalities in the background. In other words, the agrarian landscape will have a totally different organization, which will influence over a number of variables when we are configuring the socio-economic structure. This structure will permit to these communities to dispose the agricultural and animal cattle space. In this way, the outputs permit them to reach the necessary viability to guarantee the social reproduction
El clero catedralicio leonés en la Edad Moderna: los canónigos, dimensión y sociología de una elite social
Various facets of the chapter of the Cathedral of León, founded in the Middle Ages, have been studied, including economic and legislative aspects. The aim of the present study was to examine a very different angle, focusing on the members themselves, and more specifically on the deans, officers and prebendaries. This represents an initial exploration of the sociology of the chapter members: their social background, patronage networks and demographic variables such as age on entering the chapter or at death.El cabildo de la catedral de León, fundado en la Edad Media, fue estudiado por algunos autores desde diversas vertientes, entre la que cabe destacar la económica y legislativa. En este trabajo nos proponemos ofrecer una visión bien distinta, pues el análisis estará centrado en sus miembros, y más concretamente en las dignidades, oficios y prebendados. Se trata de una primera aproximación a la sociología de sus integrantes: procedencia social, redes clientelares o algunas variables demográficas, tales como la edad a la que ingresan en el mismo o la de fallecimiento
TORREMOCHA HERNÁNDEZ, Margarita (dir.), Violencia familiar y doméstica ante los tribunales (Siglos XVI-XIX). Entre padres, hijos y hermanos nadie meta las manos, Madrid, Sílex, 428 pp.
Mujeres y jefatura del hogar en el mundo rural leonés durante la Edad Moderna
Si bien a lo largo de las últimas décadas han proliferado los estudios sobre mujeres, para la provincia de León el tema ha estado un tanto descuidado por la historiografía modernista. Este trabajo, con el que pretendemos contribuir a cubrir una parte de esa parcela de la Historia Social, lo hemos centrado en el análisis de la jefatura del hogar. Para su estudio hemos utilizado los Libros de Familia del Catastro del marqués de la Ensenada y una serie de padrones de cronología muy variada. A su vez, y dada la diversidad paisajística y, por ende, económica del territorio leonés, hemos cuantificado el número de mujeres que detentaban la jefatura del hogar por comarcas, para conocer la influencia del medio sobre esa variable, también analizamos la evolución de esos resultados y las formas de corresidencia de esas mujeres.</p
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