The SmartSantander project

The SmartSantander project has deployed during the past two years a unique in the world city-scale experimental research facility in support of typical applications and services for a smart city. This facility is sufficiently large, open and flexible to enable horizontal and vertical federation with other experimental facilities, and to stimulate the development of new applications by end-users. Besides, it provides support to the experimental advanced research on IoT technologies, and allows a realistic assessment on new services by means of users’ acceptability tests. The facility already counts with more than 10,000 IoT devices (March 2013), and by the end of 2013 it will comprise of more than 12,000. The core of the facility is being installed in the city of Santander (Spain), the capital of the region of Cantabria situated on the north coast of Spain, and its surroundings. Besides Santander, other deployments have been placed in Lübeck (Germany), Guilford (UK) and Belgrade (Serbia). SmartSantander will enable the Future Internet of Things to become a reality

Improved Iterative Solution of Linear Fredholm Integral Equations of Second Kind via Inverse-Free Iterative Schemes

[EN] This work is devoted to Fredholm integral equations of second kind with non-separable kernels. Our strategy is to approximate the non-separable kernel by using an adequate Taylor's development. Then, we adapt an already known technique used for separable kernels to our case. First, we study the local convergence of the proposed iterative scheme, so we obtain a ball of starting points around the solution. Then, we complete the theoretical study with the semilocal convergence analysis, that allow us to obtain the domain of existence for the solution in terms of the starting point. In this case, the existence of a solution is deduced. Finally, we illustrate this study with some numerical experiments.This research was partially supported by a grant of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (Ref. PGC2018-095896-B-C21-C22).Gutiérrez, JM.; Hernández-Verón, MÁ.; Martínez Molada, E. (2020). Improved Iterative Solution of Linear Fredholm Integral Equations of Second Kind via Inverse-Free Iterative Schemes. Mathematics. 8(10):1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8101747S113810Argyros, I. K. (1988). On a class of nonlinear integral equations arising in neutron transport. Aequationes Mathematicae, 36(1), 99-111. doi:10.1007/bf01837974Bruns, D. D., & Bailey, J. E. (1977). Nonlinear feedback control for operating a nonisothermal CSTR near an unstable steady state. Chemical Engineering Science, 32(3), 257-264. doi:10.1016/0009-2509(77)80203-0GANESH, M., & JOSHI, M. C. (1991). Numerical Solvability of Hammerstein Integral Equations of Mixed Type. IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis, 11(1), 21-31. doi:10.1093/imanum/11.1.21Anderson, B. D. O., & Kailath, T. (1971). Some Integral Equations with Nonsymmetric Separable Kernels. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 20(4), 659-669. doi:10.1137/0120065Ezquerro, J. A., & Hernández, M. A. (2004). A modification of the convergence conditions for Picard’s iteration. Computational & Applied Mathematics, 23(1). doi:10.1590/s0101-82052004000100003Amat, S., Ezquerro, J. A., & Hernández-Verón, M. A. (2013). Approximation of inverse operators by a new family of high-order iterative methods. Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications, 21(5), 629-644. doi:10.1002/nla.1917Barikbin, M. S., Vahidi, A. R., Damercheli, T., & Babolian, E. (2020). An iterative shifted Chebyshev method for nonlinear stochastic Itô–Volterra integral equations. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 378, 112912. doi:10.1016/j.cam.2020.112912Rabbani, M., Das, A., Hazarika, B., & Arab, R. (2020). Existence of solution for two dimensional nonlinear fractional integral equation by measure of noncompactness and iterative algorithm to solve it. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 370, 112654. doi:10.1016/j.cam.2019.11265

Chain‑End Functional di‑Sorbitan Oleate Monomer Obtained from Renewable Resources as Precursors for Bio‑Based Polyurethanes

Artículo derivado de una tesis de MCMA three-step synthetic route was proposed and tested to obtain a chain-end functional di-sorbitan oleate monomer: First, 1,18-octadec-9-enedioic acid compound was produced by self-metathesis reaction of an oleic acid; then, the 1,18-octadec 9-enoyl dichloride compound was yielded by chlorination of the di-acid with thionyl chloride, and fnally, the 1,18-di-sorbitan oleate monomer was yielded by esterifcation of the dichloride with 1,4-sorbitan. The di-sorbitan oleate monomer was purifed and then characterized by FTIR, 1 H-NMR, DSC and TGA to establish its structure and properties. A bio-based polyurethane (PU) was synthesized by reacting the obtained 1,18-di-sorbitan oleate monomer and MDI. Rheological analysis showed that a curing reaction occurs as a signifcant increase of the storage modulus (G’) and the complex viscosity (η*) at 100 °C. The obtained bio-based PU was characterized by FTIR, TGA and DMA, confrming that 1,18-di-sorbitan oleate is a feasible monomer for synthesizing polyurethanes.Conacyt CB-2015–01-257591

Neutrino events within muon bundles at neutrino telescopes

This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Sci-ence, Innovation and Universities (PID2019-107844GB-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and by the Junta de Andalucia, Spain (FQM 101, SOMM17/6104/UGR, P18-FR-1962, P18-FR-5057) . MGG acknowledges a grant from Programa Operativo de Empleo Juvenil (Junta de Andalucia) . The work of GHT has been funded by the program Es-tancias Postdoctorales en el Extranjero 2019-2020 of CONACYT, Mexico. GHT also acknowledges Prof. Pablo Roig for partial support through Catedra Marcos Moshinsky (Fundacion Marcos Moshinsky) . Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUA.The atmospheric neutrino flux includes a component from the prompt decay of charmed hadrons that becomes significant only at E >= 10 TeV. At these energies, however, the diffuse flux of cosmic neutrinos discovered by IceCube seems to be larger than the atmospheric one. Here we study the possibility to detect a neutrino interaction in down-going atmospheric events at km3 telescopes. The neutrino signal will always appear together with a muon bundle that reveals its atmospheric origin and, generically, it implies an increase in the detector activity with the slant depth. We propose a simple algorithm that could separate these events from regular muon bundles.Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities PID2019-107844GB-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033Junta de Andalucia European Commission FQM 101- SOMM17/6104/UGR- P18-FR-1962- P18-FR-5057Junta de AndaluciaProgram Es-tancias Postdoctorales en el Extranjero 2019-2020 of CONACYT, MexicoUniversidad de Granada/CBUACatedra Marcos Moshinsky (Fundacion Marcos Moshinsky

SmartSantander: Internet of Things research and innovation through citizen participation

The Smart City concept relates to improving efficiency of city services and facilitating a more sustainable development of cities. However, it is important to highlight that, in order to effectively progress towards such smart urban environments, the people living in these cities must be tightly engaged in this endeavour. This paper presents two novel services that have been implemented in order to bring the Smart City closer to the citizen. The Participatory Sensing service we are proposing exploits the advanced features of smartphones to make the user part of the ubiquitous sensing infrastructure over which the Smart City concept is built. The Augmented Reality service is connected to the smart city platform in order to create an advanced visualization tool where the plethora of available information is presented to citizens embedded in their natural surroundings. A brief description of the smart city platform on top of which these services are built is also presented.Although only a few names appear in this paper’s list of authors, this work would not have been possible without the contribution and encouragement of the enthusiastic team of the SmartSantander project which has been partially funded by the European Commission under the contract number FP7-ICT-257992

Multidimensional Data Analysis for Enhancing In-Depth Knowledge on the Characteristics of Science and Technology Parks

The role played by science and technology parks (STPs) in technology transfer, industrial innovation, and economic growth is examined in this paper. The accurate monitoring of their evolution and impact is hindered by the lack of uniformity in STP models or goals, and the scarcity of high-quality datasets. This work uses existing terminologies, definitions, and core features of STPs to conduct a multidimensional data analysis that explores and evaluates the 21 core features which describe the key internal factors of an STP. The core features are gathered from a reliable and updatable dataset of Spanish STPs. The methodological framework can be replicated for other STP contexts and is based on descriptive techniques and machine-learning tools. The results of the study provide an overview of the general situation of STPs in Spain, validate the existence and characteristics of three types of STPs, and identify the typical features of STPs. Moreover, the prototype STP can be used as a benchmark so that other STPs can identify the features that need to be improved. Finally, this work makes it possible to carry out classifications of STPs, in addition to prediction and decision making for innovation ecosystems.This research work has been partially funded by the Generalitat Valenciana through the project NL4DISMIS: Natural Language Technologies for dealing with dis- and misinformation with grant reference (CIPROM/2021/21); the Ministry of Science and Innovation, PID2021-123956OB-I00, CORTEX; PID2021-122263OB-C22 COOLANG; and the R&D project CLEARTEXT TED2021-130707B-I00

Smart cities at the forefront of the future internet

Smart cities have been recently pointed out by M2M experts as an emerging market with enormous potential, which is expected to drive the digital economy forward in the coming years. However, most of the current city and urban developments are based on vertical ICT solutions leading to an unsustainable sea of systems and market islands. In this work we discuss how the recent vision of the Future Internet (FI), and its particular components, Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Services (IoS), can become building blocks to progress towards a unified urban-scale ICT platform transforming a Smart City into an open innovation platform. Moreover, we present some results of generic implementations based on the ITU-T’s Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN) model. The referenced platform model fulfills basic principles of open, federated and trusted platforms (FOTs) at two different levels: the infrastructure level (IoT to support the complexity of heterogeneous sensors deployed in urban spaces), and at the service level (IoS as a suit of open and standardized enablers to facilitate the composition of interoperable smart city services). We also discuss the need of infrastructures at the European level for a realistic large-scale experimentally-driven research, and present main principles of the unique-in-the-world experimental test facility under development within the SmartSantander EU project.Although only a few names appear on this paper, this work would not have been possible without the contribution and encouragement of many people, particularly all the enthusiastic team of the SmartSantander project, partially funded by the EC under contract number FP7-ICT-257992

Geografía del éxito futbolístico en España: la influencia de la densidad demográfica

[ES]Este artículo analiza la distribución geográfica del éxito futbolístico en España entre las temporadas 1959-60 y 2019-2020. Se mide el éxito futbolístico de una demarcación territorial a partir del cálculo de las clasificaciones obtenidas por su equipo (o equipos) al término de cada temporada de Liga en primera y segunda división durante el período considerado o en distintas etapas del mismo. La revisión de la literatura más significativa sobre la geografía del fútbol permite formular la hipótesis de que el éxito futbolístico de un territorio guarda una notable relación con su dinamismo socioeconómico. Se utiliza aquí la densidad demográfica para contrastar esta hipótesis mediante técnicas estadísticas y de análisis espacial. Los resultados permiten afirmar que la densidad demográfica predice correctamente el éxito futbolístico local y provincial, que se concentra en la Comunidad de Madrid, el arco mediterráneo entre Barcelona y Valencia, la cornisa cantábrica oriental y el occidente andaluz. No obstante, se han detectado desviaciones positivas (éxito superior al esperable) y negativas (éxito inferior al esperable) que sólo pueden interpretarse mediante análisis cualitativos pormenorizados que incorporen factores institucionales y sociológicos subyacentes al éxito o fracaso de determinadas provincias y clubes

A Bloom Filter-Based Monitoring Station for a Lawful Interception Platform

Lawful Interception (LI) is a fundamental tool in today's Police investigations.Therefore, it is important to make it as quickly and securely as possible as well as a reasonable cost per suspect. This makes traffic capture in aggregation links quite attractive, although this implies high wirespeeds which require the use of specific hardware-based architectures. This paper proposes a novel Bloom Filter-based monitoring station architecture for efficient packet capture in aggregation links. With said Bloom filter, we filter out most of the packets in the link and capture only those belonging to lawful interception wiretaps. Next, we present an FPGA-based implementation of said architecture and obtain the maximum capture rate achievable by injecting traffic through four parallel Gigabit Ethernet lines. Finally, we identify the limitations of our current design and suggest the possibility of further extending it to higher wirespeeds.- Best Paper AwardThe work presented in this paper has been funded by the INDECT project grant number FP7-ICT-218086, and the Spanish CramNet project (grant no. TEC2012-38362-C03-01).European Community's Seventh Framework Progra

Towards an energy efficient 10 Gb/s optical ethernet: performance analysis and viability

The new IEEE 802.3az Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) standard will improve significantly the energy efficiency of 10 Gbps copper transceivers by the introduction of a sleep mode for idle transmission times. The next step towards energy saving seems to be the application of similar concepts to Optical Ethernet, both for short and long range links. To this aim, this paper starts by proposing an analytical model to estimate the energy consumption of a link that uses a sleep-mode power saving mechanism. This model can be useful to answer a number of questions that need to be carefully studied. Otherwise, the complexity of optical components could be increased for the sake of an energy saving that could turn out negligible. In the rest of the paper we analyze three key questions to try to shed some light on this design decision: (a) is the new copper EEE actually outperforming the current regular optical Ethernet in terms of energy saving in such a way that optical PHYs (transceivers) actually need a green upgrade to remain more energy efficient than their copper counterparts? (b) How much energy saving could be actually achieved by EE optical Ethernet? (c) What is the transition time required to achieve a substantial energy saving at medium traffic loads on EE 10 Gb/s optical Ethernet links? The answer to the latter question sets a concrete goal for short-term research in fast on–off laser technology.This work has been supported by a Google Research Award, by the BONE project ("Building the Future Optical Network in Europe"), a Network of Excellence funded by the European Commission through the 7th ICT-Framework Program, by the MEDIANET project and by the Spanish MCINN grants TIN2008-06739-C04-01/TSI and PR2009- 0221. The authors would also like to acknowledge the support for this work from the UC3M-CAM Greencom research grant (under code CCG10-UC3M/TIC- 5624) and TEC2008-02552-E/TEC.Publicad