The identification of new triterpenoids in Eucalyptus globulus wood

Eight polyhydroxy triterpenoid acids, hederagenin, (4 )-23-hydroxybetulinic acid, maslinic acid, corosolic acid, arjunolic acid, asiatic acid, caulophyllogenin, and madecassic acid, with 2, 3, and 4 hydroxyl substituents, were identified and quantified in the dichloromethane extract of Eucalyptus globulus wood by comparing their GC-retention time and mass spectra with standards. Two other triterpenoid acids were tentatively identified by analyzing their mass spectra, as (2 )-2- hydroxybetulinic acid and (2 ,4 )-2,23-dihydroxybetulinic acid, with 2 and 3 hydroxyl substituents. Two MS detectors were used, a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) and a quadrupole mass filter (QMF). The EI fragmentation pattern of the trimethylsilylated polyhydroxy structures of these triterpenoid acids is characterized by the sequential loss of the trimethylsilylated hydroxyl groups, most of them by the retro-Diels-Alder (rDA) opening of the C ring with a -bond at C12-C13. The rDA C-ring opening produces ions at m/z 320 (or 318) and m/z 278 (or 277, 276, 366). Sequential losses of the hydroxyl groups produce ions with m/z from [M - 90] to [M - 90*y], where y is the number of hydroxyl substituents present (from 2 to 4). Moreover, specific cleavage in ring E was observed, passing from m/z 203 to m/z 133 and conducting other major fragments such as m/z 189info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Case Study of Diabetes

Funding Information: L.V.L. would like to acknowledge Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT—MCTES) for its financial support via the project UIDB/00667/2020 (UNIDEMI). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.European cities should address the climate change challenges, improving quality of life and reducing costs. They need potential smart and digital approaches. Public health (PH) has recognized climate change as a major challenge. The development of urban policies should be guided by evidence-based PH practices. The environmental health determinants and the climate crisis now represent a clear PH threat. The core of the Smart City is sustainability, and its basic condition is active PH. The inclusion of public health into the pillars of the Smart City concept to contribute toward mitigating PH crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, is a framework for action. Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM) is used to elicit a Smart Public Health City (SPHEC) framework. A set of PH and smart city experts participated in the DSRM process, using diabetes as a case study. The European Green Deal served as a blueprint for this transformational change toward a healthier and more sustainable city. The SPHEC framework was defined by elucidating clearly the several dimensions of the PH functions within a digital city, via the identification of a set of digital PH services that are required to support the SPHEC framework. This allows for an assessment of the actual benefits that are obtained with the digital health services, and provides evidence for guiding decision-making. The role of digital PH services emerges from the analysis of the SPHEC framework, through the development of proper digital health services within the smart city, strengthening capacity and resilience in future climate emergencies, and motivating policy makers to take this challenge more seriously.publishersversionpublishe

Intention in Intervention: A Philosophical, Theoretical and Empirical Exploration

This thesis seeks to explore the role of agent or 'user' intention in the fields of Management Science and Systems Thinking. Primarily through the use of various modelling approaches these fields seek to provide assistance to organisational stakeholders who are looking to intervene in situations with a view to dealing with problems and/or bringing about some form of 'improvement'. Although the literature acknowledges that the various methodologies, techniques and tools of MS/ST can be used flexibly depending upon user intention, to date, intention itself has not been the subject of detailed investigation. The thesis seeks to plug this gap in the literature. In exploring intention in some detail the thesis interlinks philosophy, theory and empirical work. The philosophical and theoretical components allow us to conceptualise intention and better understand how it might work in concrete settings. The empirical component, conducted with a team of action researchers, grounds the discussion in practice. The main proposition of the thesis is that intention is a dual-sided phenomenon, i.e. "we do things intentionally, and we intend to do things" (Bratman, 1997). Thus intention has a present and a future side. The research reported on through the thesis shows how, through language and actions, both sides of intention can significantly shape the nature of interventions. This being the case, the value of the work is that it provides new ways of accounting for and learning from interventions; in particular, it provides new frameworks for practitioners to better reflect on and guide their actions

Are Conditional Cash Transfers Effective in Urban Areas? Evidence from Mexico

Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs have spread worldwide as a new form of social assistance for the poor. Previous evaluations of CCT programs focus mainly on rural settings, and little is known about their effects in urban areas. This paper studies the short-term (one and two-year) effects of the Mexican Oportunidades CCT program on urban children/youth. The program provides financial incentives for children/youth to attend school and for family members to visit health clinics. To participate, families had to sign up for the program and be deemed eligible. Difference-in-difference propensity score matching estimates indicate that the program is successful in increasing school enrollment, schooling attainment and time devoted to homework and in decreasing working rates of boys.conditional cash transfer programs, matching estimators, program evaluation

El estado de derecho y el sistema nacional anticorrupción en México: un enfoque postpositivista liberal igualitario

"La presente investigación, que lleva por nombre: “El Estado de Derecho y el Sistema Nacional Anticorrupción en México: un enfoque postpositivista liberal igualitario” se centra en el incremento de la corrupción en México durante el periodo que va de los años 2015 a 2021. Si bien, el fenómeno de la corrupción ha sido estudiado desde diversas perspectivas y áreas de las ciencias sociales, incluso, incrementando el marco jurídico que debe sancionarlo, el problema continúa vigente"

Plan Exportador de Algas Marinas a Japón

Generar un plan exportador que permita incursionar algas marinas colombianas al mercado japonés.En un mundo globalizado donde el éxito de las empresas es cada vez más difícil por la competencia se deben buscar nuevas alternativas que signifiquen una ventaja absoluta logrando auto sostenimiento y crecimiento económico, por esta razón las compañías todos los días buscan abrir nuevos mercados, en este caso el objetivo principal es realizar un plan exportador de algas marinas a Japón, se escogió este producto por el potencial de producción del país exportador, por la demanda del producto en el país asiático, y por la baja producción interna. El plan exportador es dirigido a la región de Tohoku allí más del 40 % del producto lo comercializa la prefectura de Iwate y se vende en supermercados, grandes superficies y principalmente en mercados locales, el objetivo principal del plan es incursionar todos estos canales distribuyéndolo directamente con la prefectura, se estima que cada nipón consume entre 2.5 kg y 3 kg de algas mensualmente y las producidas en Colombia serian apetecidas por su buena calidad. Realizar este plan fue todo un reto porque la cultura japonesa es totalmente diferente a la colombiana, la información que se recolectó fue a través de una investigación ardua y al final se llega a la conclusión de que el proyecto es viable, se elaboran estrategias, recomendaciones para que el plan sea lo más efectivo posible, todo esto gracias a la aplicación de matrices de diagnóstico y el esfuerzo en la investigación

Rusia, un reto al orden mundial posterior a la guerra fría : política exterior rusa y su rol en la configuración del sistema internacional del siglo XXI

El trabajo examina las características principales presentes en la formación de la política exterior de Rusia a partir del colapso de la Unión Soviética y el fin de la Guerra Fría hasta el presente. Se propone un análisis de los cambios que se han presentado en la construcción de su política exterior desde un primer momento con Boris Yeltsin, hasta el escenario actual con Vladimir Putin. La investigación propone la utilización de elementos del constructivismo como elemento teórico adicional al enfoque realista que ha prevalecido en los análisis de la política exterior rusa en el periodo mencionado.The paper examines the main features present in the formation of Russian foreign policy since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War to the present. It proposes an analysis of the changes that have occurred in the construction of its foreign policy, from the outset with Boris Yeltsin to the current scenario with Vladimir Putin. The research takes elements of constructivism as a substantial theoretical element to the analysis of Russian foreign policy in the mentioned period, additional to the realist approach that has prevailed in most analysis of this topic.Magíster en Relaciones InternacionalesMaestrí

Plan Exportador de Algas Marinas a Japón

Generar un plan exportador que permita incursionar algas marinas colombianas al mercado japonés.En un mundo globalizado donde el éxito de las empresas es cada vez más difícil por la competencia se deben buscar nuevas alternativas que signifiquen una ventaja absoluta logrando auto sostenimiento y crecimiento económico, por esta razón las compañías todos los días buscan abrir nuevos mercados, en este caso el objetivo principal es realizar un plan exportador de algas marinas a Japón, se escogió este producto por el potencial de producción del país exportador, por la demanda del producto en el país asiático, y por la baja producción interna. El plan exportador es dirigido a la región de Tohoku allí más del 40 % del producto lo comercializa la prefectura de Iwate y se vende en supermercados, grandes superficies y principalmente en mercados locales, el objetivo principal del plan es incursionar todos estos canales distribuyéndolo directamente con la prefectura, se estima que cada nipón consume entre 2.5 kg y 3 kg de algas mensualmente y las producidas en Colombia serian apetecidas por su buena calidad. Realizar este plan fue todo un reto porque la cultura japonesa es totalmente diferente a la colombiana, la información que se recolectó fue a través de una investigación ardua y al final se llega a la conclusión de que el proyecto es viable, se elaboran estrategias, recomendaciones para que el plan sea lo más efectivo posible, todo esto gracias a la aplicación de matrices de diagnóstico y el esfuerzo en la investigación