Caracterización de la microbiota intestinal mediante "NGS" en patología neoplásica de colón

Objetivos: Nuestro objetivo consistió en caracterizar, mediante secuenciación de próxima generación (NGS), la microbiota colónica en muestras de mucosa normal y tumoral de pacientes con cáncer colorrectal (CCR), así como en muestras de heces de pacientes sanos y enfermos, además de estudiar las diferencias en la composición microbiana según el tipo, estadío y localización tumoral, con el fin de sugerir qué tipo de bacterias podrían estar previsiblemente involucradas en la localización, desarrollo y evolución del CCR. Material y métodos: En este estudio se analizaron 59 muestras de tejido de pacientes con CCR, donde n=39 correspondían a tejido tumoral (TT) y n= 20 a tejido normal (TN), 9 muestras de tejido adenomatoso (TA) y 7 muestras de heces, donde n=3 procedían de pacientes sanos y n=3 de pacientes con CCR. El estudio de NGS se llevó a cabo en 38 muestras, donde n= 10 correspondían a TN, n=19 a TT, n=2 a TA y n=7 a heces. Posteriormente, escogimos aquellos grupos bacterianos que resultaran de interés y mostraran diferencias significativas entre las comparaciones objeto de estudio para cuantificarlos y validarlos por qPCR, tanto en esta serie de pacientes como en otra serie independiente de pacientes con 37 muestras, donde n=10 correspondía a TN, n=20 a TT y n=7 a TA. Las muestras de tejido tumoral se clasificaron según el tipo (convencional o serrado), localización (distal o proximal) y el estadío mediante el sistema TNM. Tras la extracción del DNA, la amplificación por PCR se llevó a cabo empleando cebadores 27F y 533R que amplifican la región V1-V3 del gen rRNA 16S con los adaptadores A y B de la química Titanium correspondientes a los kits tipo “shot-gun” Lib-L, empleando el equipo 454-Junior de Roche. La qPCR se realizó mediante el uso de cebadores genéricos y específicos de especie/género del gen 16S RNA, con la sonda inespecífica SybrGreen (QuantiTec-Qiagen). El estudio bioinformático para el análisis de calidad, filtrado de secuencias, búsqueda de quimeras y clasificación taxonómica se realizó mediante los programas “FAST QC”, “prinseq-lite.pl script”, “USEARCH” y “RDP classifier” respectivamente. El análisis estadístico relativo a los resultados obtenidos mediante NGS y qPCR se llevó a cabo mediante el empleo del test de Wilcoxon (R-Studio y SPSS 21.0). Resultados: El tejido tumoral se encontraba representado fundamentalmente por el género Fusobacterium (p=0.033) además de otros géneros bacterianos estrechamente relacionados al tejido tumoral, tales como Porphyromonas, Streptococcus y Enterococcus. En el tejido normal observamos un predominio del género Akkermansia (p=0.039). Según el tipo de carcinoma, encontramos que los géneros Fusobacterium, Aeromonas, Streptococcus y Enterobacter fueron más frecuentes en adenocarcinoma serrado (CS) (p=0.045, p=0.033, p=0.013 y p=0.009, respectivamente), a diferencia del género Enterococcus el cual fué más frecuente en adenocarcinoma convencional (CC) (p=0.045). En cuanto al estadío del tumor, solamente encontramos diferencias significativas para el género Faecalibacterium, el cual mostró una asociación con estadíos tumorales avanzados (T3-4) (p=0.042). Según la localización del tumor, los géneros Haemophilus, Prevotella, y Blautia (p=0.029, p=0.044 y p=0.008) se asociaron a tumores de localización proximal, mientras que Enterococcus (p=0.027) mostró una asociación a tumores de zona distal. Del mismo modo, encontramos una mayor presencia de géneros pertenecientes a la familia Enterobacteriaceae en la zona proximal. Tras el análisis mediante qPCR en ambas series de pacientes, observamos de forma significativa la misma tendencia de resultados para Fusobacterium nucleatum, Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii y Enterococcus. En cuanto a las muestras de heces, encontramos un importante predominio de A. muciniphila en pacientes con CCR a diferencia de lo observado en muestras de heces de pacientes sanos donde predominó F. prausnitzii. Conclusiones: F. nucleatum fue una bacteria asociada no sólo con el desarrollo del CCR en general como había sido descrito con anterioridad sino específicamente con el subtipo del adenocarcinoma serrado, siendo la primera vez que se demuestra que la histología del CCR tiene relación con el tipo de microbiota. En tumores con estadíos T3-T4 se asoció un perfil microbiano caracterizado fundamentalmente por bacterias de tipo passengers, ya sea con actividad proinflamatoria como F. nucleatum o de actividad antiinflamatoria como F. prausnitzii. Del mismo modo, la localización anatómica se asoció con diferentes perfiles microbianos cuando se comparó el colon distal y proximal. Nuestro estudio demuestra que la caracterización de la microbiota en el desarrollo del CCR es fundamental para conocer la participación de la misma en las distintas localizaciones y rutas patogénicas implicadas en este tumor. Además los perfiles bacterianos pueden constituir interesantes biomarcadores para la detección temprana y el diagnóstico del CCR así como para el diseño de estrategias preventivas basadas en la administración de cepas probióticas capaces de corregir la disbiosis. Objectives: The aim of this work was to characterize, through next-generation sequencing (NGS), the colonic microbiota in samples from normal and tumor mucosa of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and also in stool samples of healthy and affected patients, so we could establish the differences in microbial composition according to the type, stage and location of the tumor. Material and methods: In our study, 59 tissue samples from CRC patients were analyzed, n= 39 corresponded to tumor (TT) and n= 20 to normal tissue (TN), 9 adenomatous tissue samples (TA) and 7 stool samples, where n= 3 were from healthy patients and n= 3 from patients with CRC. The study of NGS, was carried out on 38 samples, corresponding to TN (n=10), TT (n=19), TA (n=2) and feces (n=7). Subsequently, those bacterial groups that were found of interest by showing significant differences between the study comparisons, were validated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in this patient series and in an independent set of patients consisting of 37 samples, where n= 10 corresponded to TN (n=10), TT (n=20) and TA (n=7). The samples of tumor tissue were classified according to the histological type (conventional or serrated), location (distal or proximal) and stage by TNM system. After DNA extraction, PCR amplification was performed using primers 27F and 533R, that amplify the V1-V3 region form the 16S rRNA gene with adapters A and B corresponding to the kits Titanium "shot-gun" chemical type Lib-L, and the 454-Junior pyrosequencer by Roche. The validation by qPCR was performed using 16S RNA gen primers specific for species or genus and the SybrGreen probe chemistry (QuantiTec-Qiagen). The bioinformatic study for quality analysis, filtering sequences, chimeras withdrawal and taxonomic classification was performed using the "FAST QC", "prinseq-lite.pl script", "USEARCH" and "RDP classifier" programs, respectively. The statistical analysis of the NGS and qPCR results was carried out by applying the Wilcoxon test (R -Studio and SPSS 21.0). Results: The genus Fusobacterium was singnifncantly more abundant in the tumor tissue (p = 0.033) and others bacterial genera closely related, such as Porphyromonas, Streptococcus and Enterococcus. In normal tissue, we observed a predominance of Akkermansia (p = 0.039) and regarding the histological type of carcinoma, we found that Fusobacterium Aeromonas, Streptococcus and Enterobacter were more common in serrated adenocarcinoma (CS) (p= 0.045, p= 0.033, p= 0.013 and p= 0.009, respectively) than conventional (CC), unlike the genus Enterococcus, which was more common in CC (p= 0.045). Concerning tumor stage, we found significant differences for Faecalibacterium, which showed an association with advanced tumor stages (T3-4) (p= 0.042). According to tumor location, Haemophilus, Prevotella, and Blautia (p= 0.029, p= 0.044, p= 0.008) were associated with proximal location tumors, while Enterococcus (p= 0.027) showed a relationship with distal area tumors. Similarly, we observed a higher presence of genera belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae in the proximal area. After qPCR analysis in both sets of patients, we observed significantly the same trend of results for Fusobacterium nucleatum, Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Enterococcus. As for the stool samples, we found a significant prevalence of A. muciniphila in patients with CRC, unlike that observed in stool samples from healthy patients predominated F. prausnitzii. Conclusions: F. nucleatum was identified as a bacteria asociated with not only the CRC development in general, as was previously described, but also specifically with the CRC subtype of serrated adenocarcinoma, being the first study reporting that CRC histology could be related with a microbiota type. In tumors with stages T3-T4, we observed a microbial profile characterized essentially by passenger bacteria, either with proinflammatory activity as F. nucleatum or antiinflammatory activity as F. prausnitzii. Regarding the anatomical location, we found different microbial profiles between the distal and proximal colon. Our study shows that microbiota characterization in CRC development is crucial for knowing the bacteria participation in the different locations and pathogenic pathways implicated in this tumor. Besides, bacteria profiles could be interesting biomarkers for the early detection and diagnose of CRC, as well as important elements for the design of preventive strategies based on probiotic treatments which could restore normal microbiota

Pseudonocardia carboxydivorans in human cerebrospinal fluid: a case report in a patient with traumatic brain injury

BACKGROUND: Members of the genus Pseudonocardia have been widely reported and recovered from several ecosystems, such as soil samples and plant samples. Pseudonocardia bacteria colonize the microbial communities on the integument of fungus gardening ant species. We present the first documented case of Pseudonocardia carboxydivorans isolated in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an human infection by P. carboxydivorans. CASE PRESENTATION: A patient, who suffered a traumatic brain injury a month before, was admitted to this hospital due to gait alteration and cognitive disturbances. Culture of cerebrospinal fluid showed ramified, not acid-fast, Gram positive bacilli. The bacterium was identified by molecular methods as P. carboxydivorans. CONCLUSION: This is the first documented case of isolating P. carboxydivorans in human CSF in a case of probable meningitis. Further research is needed in order to determine its pathogenic role in human infections.This work was funded by the Hospital Research Committee from theComplejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete Foundation.S

A chemically functionalized glass support for gold and silver metallic nanoparticle analysis with LIBS

2024 Acuerdos transformativos CRUEThis work has focused on the development of a new analytical alternative based on the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique for the fast, reliable, and economical determination of the gold and silver nanoparticle content in a low linear concentration range between 2.9 and 0.058 μg mL−1 and 2.9–0.116 μg mL−1, respectively, without requiring complicated sample pretreatment procedures or advanced separation techniques. Metallic nanoparticles are currently essential materials for the development of new technologies in different scientific and technical areas. However, numerous studies have pointed out these nanomaterials' toxic and polluting potential and the various health implications for humans, animals, and the ecosystem. The current reality reflects the lack of analytical techniques with low economic, environmental, and health impacts and the capacity to quantify the total metallic nanoparticle content. For this purpose, a novel and simple method for the selective capture of gold and silver nanoparticles, consisting of a chemically functionalized glass surface, has been custom-developed for subsequent analysis with LIBS. The results show that the proposed method, employing a functionalized sample glass support, presents a suitable analytical performance characterized by increased sensitivity, specifically 4.7% and 329.2% for Au-NPs and Ag-NPs, and proportionally decreased error in the slope and intercept of the calibration curves, 68% for Au-NPs and 87% for Ag-NPs, respectively.Instituto para la Formación y Aprovechamiento de Recursos Humanos (Panamá)Universidad Complutense de MadridDepto. de Química AnalíticaFac. de Ciencias QuímicasTRUEpu

Álbum de música y educación : composiciones actuales para el aula

XX Aniversario de la Revista Música y Educación, 1988-2008Se presenta un álbum con cuarenta y siete piezas breves y composiciones musicales de otros tantos autores, creadas para el trabajo en el aula. Incluye plantillas con distintos niveles de dificultad y objetivos pedagógicos, ordenadas por grados en tres secciones: vocal, instrumental y vocal-instrumental.MadridBiblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín 5 -3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; [email protected]

Notes for genera – Ascomycota

Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi, has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques, over the past 10--15 years, and continues to accelerate. Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic, and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended. New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera. The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011, has also caused changes in fungal generic names. In order to facilitate access to all important changes, it was desirable to compile these in a single document. The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota (approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016), including those which are lichen-forming. Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of `Ainsworth Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi' in 2008 are provided. The notes include the number of accepted species, classification, type species (with location of the type material), culture availability, life-styles, distribution, and selected publications that have appeared since 2008. This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the ``Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi'' published in 2013, which will be developed into a list of protected generic names. This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists, and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis, Collophora (as Collophorina), Cryomyces, Dematiopleospora, Heterospora (as Heterosporicola), Lithophila, Palmomyces (as Palmaria) and Saxomyces are validated, as are two previously invalid family names, Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae. Four species of Lalaria, which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new combinations. Catenomycopsis Tibell Constant. is reduced under Chaenothecopsis Vain., while Dichomera Cooke is reduced under Botryosphaeria Ces. De Not. (Art. 59)