Etude de la structure et de la fonction d'un complexe constitué de 5 protéines non ribosomiques Npa1p, Npa2p, Dbp6p, Nop8p et Rsa3p essentielles à la formation de la grande sous unité des ribosomes eucaryotes

Les ribosomes sont les molécules présentes dans toutes les cellules du règne vivant. Ils résultent de l'assemblage d'ARN ribosomiques (ARNr) et de protéines ribosomiques, constituant des particules ribonucléoprotéiques (RNP). Ils jouent un rôle majeur en décodant l'information génétique contenue dans les ARN messagers (ARNm) afin de les traduire en protéines lors du processus de traduction. La production des ribosomes chez les eucaryotes est initiée par la transcription par l'ARN pol I d'un pré-ARNr ribosomique (pré-ARNr) précurseur des ARNr matures 18S, 5.8S et 25S/28S, qui sera modifié chimiquement et digéré par des endo- et exoribonucléases pour aboutir aux ARNr matures. Le pré-ARNr en cours de synthèse s'associe avec des protéines ribosomiques, des petites particules ribonucléoprotéiques (snoRNP) et des protéines dites " non ribosomiques " conduisant à l'assemblage de la particule 90S initiale. Cette particule est ensuite scindée en particules pré-ribosomiques pré-40S et pré-60S, qui vont suivre des voies de maturation indépendantes pour aboutir aux sous unités ribosomiques 40S et 60S mature. La production des ribosomes eucaryotes requiert l'intervention de plus de 200 protéines dites " non ribosomiques ", qui s'associent avec les particules pré-ribosomiques et sont absentes des ribosomes cytoplasmiques matures. Des données obtenues en collaboration suggèrent que cinq protéines non-ribosomiques impliquées dans les étapes précoces de la formation de la grande sous-unité ribosomique, Npa1p, Npa2p, Nop8p, Dbp6p et Rsa3p forment un complexe en l'absence d'ARN ribosomique. Il s'agirait du plus gros complexe connu composé uniquement de protéines, requis pour la formation des sous unités ribosomiques. Nop8p contient un domaine de liaison à l'ARN et pourrait permettre de fixer le complexe au pré-ARNr, et Dbp6p est une potentielle ARN hélicase. Les composants du complexe pourraient constituer des régulateurs et/ou des cibles de Dbp6p. Les objectifs de ma thèse étaient de déterminer si les protéines Npa1p, Npa2p, Nop8p, Dbp6p et Rsa3p forment effectivement un complexe en dehors des pré-ribosomes, de caractériser les interactions protéine/protéine au sein du complexe et sa structure et d'étudier les fonctions de ses composants. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai mis en évidence que Nop8p, Dbp6p et Rsa3p sont associées aux pré-ARNr 35S, 32S et 27SA2 et font donc partie des mêmes particules pré-ribosomiques que Npa1p et Npa2p. Les protéines Npa1p, Npa2p, Nop8p et Rsa3p forment un complexe stable, qui persiste une fois dissocié des particules pré-ribosomiques. L'observation au microscope électronique à transmission des complexes purifiés révèle la présence de deux types de complexes de tailles différentes. Par ailleurs, l'hélicase Dbp6p interagit avec ce complexe, mais de manière plus labile car elle en est dissociée en présence d'une forte concentration en magnésium. Les analyses de déplétion de chaque membre du complexe montrent que l'absence de Nop8p n'empêche pas les interactions entre Npa1p, Npa2p et Rsa3p, et que l'absence de Npa2p n'empêche pas les interactions entre Npa1p, Nop8p et Rsa3p. En revanche, l'absence de Npa1p déstabilise totalement le complexe. La perte d'expression de Dbp6p affecte également l'efficacité de co-précipitation de ces pré-ARNr, mais dans une moindre mesure. En parallèle, nous avons débuté une étude des interactions protéine/protéine qui s'établissent entre les membres du complexe. Des données préliminaires suggèrent des interactions directes entre Npa1p, Npa2p et Dbp6p et entre Npa1p et Rsa3p. Nous avons également commencé à effectuer des tests d'activité in vitro de l'hélicase Dbp6p qui suggèrent qu'elle présente une activité ATPase. Enfin, nous avons également localisé le site de fixation sur le pré-ARNr de Npa1p situé à proximité de la protéine ribosomique Rpl3, suggérant qu'ils pourraient collaborer dans la compaction du pré-ARNr.Ribosomes are huge molecular complexes present in all cells of living things. They result from the assembly of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins, constituting ribonucleoproteins (RNP). They play a major role in decoding the genetic information contained in messenger RNA (mRNA) to translate them into proteins during translation. Production of eukaryotic ribosomes is initiated by transcription of a pre-ribosomal rRNA (pre-rRNA) precursor of mature 18S rRNA, 5.8S and 25S / 28S by RNA polymerase I, which is chemically modified and trimmed with endo- and exoribonucleases, in order to form mature rRNAs. The nascent pre-rRNA associates with ribosomal proteins, small ribonucleoprotein particles (snoRNP) and proteins called "non-ribosomal", leading to the assembly of an initial pre-90S particle. This particle is then split into pre-ribosomal pre-40S and pre-60S particles that follow independent maturation pathways leading to mature ribosomal 40S and 60S subunits. Synthesis of eukaryotic ribosomes requires the intervention of more than 200 non-ribosomal proteins that associate with pre-ribosomal particles and are absent from mature cytoplasmic ribosomes. Data obtained in collaboration suggest that five non-ribosomal proteins involved in the early maturation steps of the large ribosomal subunit Npa1p, Npa2p, Nop8p, Dbp6p and Rsa3p form a complex in the absence of ribosomal RNA. It would be the biggest and only known protein module required for the formation of ribosomal subunits. Nop8p contains a RNA binding domain and could tether the complex with pre-rRNA, and Dbp6p is a putative RNA helicase. Components of the complex may constitute regulators and / or Dbp6p targets. The objectives of my thesis were to determine whether Npa1p, Npa2p, Nop8p, Dbp6p and Rsa3p can form a complex outside the context of pre-ribosomes, characterize protein / protein interactions within the complex, and also to study its structure and function. During my thesis, I demonstrated that Nop8p, Dbp6p and Rsa3p are associated with 35S, 32S and 27SA2 pre-rRNAs, and are therefore constitutive of the same pre-ribosomal particles than Npa1p and Npa2p. Npa1p, Npa2p, Nop8p and Rsa3p can form a stable complex that exists once dissociated pre-ribosomal particles. Electron microscopic observation reveal two types of complexes. Furthermore, Dbp6p helicase can interact with this complex, but in a more labile fashion, since it is dissociated in presence of a high concentration of magnesium. Depletion experiments show that the absence of Nop8p does not prevent interactions with Npa1p, Npa2p and Rsa3p, and that the absence of Npa2p does not prevent interactions with Npa1p, Nop8p and Rsa3p. However, the absence of Npa1p strongly destabilizes the complex. Loss of expression of Dbp6p also affects the efficiency of co-precipitation of 35S, 32S and 27SA2 pre-rRNAs, but to a lesser extent. In parallel, we began a study of protein / protein interactions between members of the complex. Preliminary data suggest a direct interaction between Npa1p or Npa2p and Dbp6p, and Npa1p and Rsa3p. We also began conducting an in vitro study of Dbp6p that suggest it has a helicase activity. Finally, by CRAC analysis we show that Npa1p binds adjacent to large ribosomal protein Rpl3 on 25S rRNA, and could collaborate with it in local rRNA folding

The grid-minor theorem revisited

We prove that for every planar graph $X$ of treedepth $h$, there exists a positive integer $c$ such that for every $X$-minor-free graph $G$, there exists a graph $H$ of treewidth at most $f(h)$ such that $G$ is isomorphic to a subgraph of $H\boxtimes K_c$. This is a qualitative strengthening of the Grid-Minor Theorem of Robertson and Seymour (JCTB 1986), and treedepth is the optimal parameter in such a result. As an example application, we use this result to improve the upper bound for weak coloring numbers of graphs excluding a fixed graph as a minor

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Principes et rationnel de l'administration de solutions hypertoniques aux patients en état de choc hémorragique suite à un traumatisme grave (méta-analyse et perspectives)

CAEN-BU Médecine pharmacie (141182102) / SudocSudocFranceF

The Rio1p ATPase hinders premature entry into translation of late pre-40S pre-ribosomal particles

Cytoplasmic maturation of precursors to the small ribosomal subunit in yeast requires the intervention of a dozen assembly factors (AFs), the precise roles of which remain elusive. One of these is Rio1p that seems to intervene at a late step of pre-40S particle maturation. We have investigated the role played by Rio1p in the dynamic association and dissociation of AFs with and from pre-40S particles. Our results indicate that Rio1p depletion leads to the stalling of at least 4 AFs (Nob1p, Tsr1p, Pno1p/Dim2p and Fap7p) in 80S-like particles. We conclude that Rio1p is important for the timely release of these factors from 80S-like particles. In addition, we present immunoprecipitation and electron microscopy evidence suggesting that when Rio1p is depleted, a subset of Nob1p-containing pre-40S particles associate with translating polysomes. Using Nob1p as bait, we purified pre-40S particles from cells lacking Rio1p and performed ribosome profiling experiments which suggest that immature 40S subunits can carry out translation elongation. We conclude that lack of Rio1p allows premature entry of pre-40S particles in the translation process and that the presence of Nob1p and of the 18S rRNA 3 extension in the 20S pre-rRNA is not incompatible with translation elongation

The Grid-Minor Theorem Revisited

International audienc

The Rio1p ATPase hinders premature entry into translation of late pre-40S pre-ribosomal particles

International audienc

The Npa1p complex chaperones the assembly of the earliest eukaryotic large ribosomal subunit precursor

International audienceThe early steps of the production of the large ribosomal subunit are probably the least understood stages of eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis. The first specific precursor to the yeast large ribosomal subunit, the first pre-60S particle, contains 30 assembly factors (AFs), including 8 RNA helicases. These helicases, presumed to drive conformational rearrangements, usually lack substrate specificity in vitro. The mechanisms by which they are targeted to their correct substrate within pre-ribosomal particles and their precise molecular roles remain largely unknown. We demonstrate that the Dbp6p helicase, essential for the normal accumulation of the first pre-60S pre-ribosomal particle in S. cerevisiae, associates with a complex of four AFs, namely Npa1p, Npa2p, Nop8p and Rsa3p, prior to their incorporation into the 90S pre-ribosomal particles. By tandem affinity purifications using yeast extracts depleted of one component of the complex, we show that Npa1p forms the backbone of the complex. We provide evidence that Npa1p and Npa2p directly bind Dbp6p and we demonstrate that Npa1p is essential for the insertion of the Dbp6p helicase within 90S pre-ribosomal particles. In addition, by an in vivo cross-linking analysis (CRAC), we map Npa1p rRNA binding sites on 25S rRNA adjacent to the root helices of the first and last secondary structure domains of 25S rRNA. This finding supports the notion that Npa1p and Dbp6p function in the formation and/or clustering of root helices of large subunit rRNAs which creates the core of the large ribosomal subunit RNA structure. Npa1p also crosslinks to snoRNAs involved in decoding center and peptidyl transferase center modifications and in the immediate vicinity of the binding sites of these snoRNAs on 25S rRNA. Our data suggest that the Dbp6p helicase and the Npa1p complex play key roles in the compaction of the central core of 25S rRNA and the control of snoRNA-pre-rRNA interactions

HEATR3 variants impair nuclear import of uL18 (RPL5) and drive Diamond-Blackfan anemia

The congenital bone marrow failure syndrome Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is typically associated with variants in ribosomal protein (RP) genes impairing erythroid cell development. Here we report multiple individuals with biallelic HEATR3 variants exhibiting bone marrow failure, short stature, facial and acromelic dysmorphic features, and intellectual disability. These variants destabilize a protein whose yeast homolog is known to synchronize the nuclear import of RPs uL5 (RPL11) and uL18 (RPL5), which are both critical for producing ribosomal subunits and for stabilizing the p53 tumor suppressor when ribosome biogenesis is compromised. Expression of HEATR3 variants or repression of HEATR3 expression in primary cells, cell lines of various origins, and yeast models impairs growth, differentiation, pre–ribosomal RNA processing, and ribosomal subunit formation reminiscent of DBA models of large subunit RP gene variants. Consistent with a role of HEATR3 in RP import, HEATR3-depleted cells or patient-derived fibroblasts display reduced nuclear accumulation of uL18. Hematopoietic progenitor cells expressing HEATR3 variants or small-hairpin RNAs knocking down HEATR3 synthesis reveal abnormal acceleration of erythrocyte maturation coupled to severe proliferation defects that are independent of p53 activation. Our study uncovers a new pathophysiological mechanism leading to DBA driven by biallelic HEATR3 variants and the destabilization of a nuclear import protein important for ribosome biogenesis