Etude de la contagion sur les marchés actions

Ce travail a pour but de mettre en évidence la nécessité de l’analyse en continu des coefficients de corrélation dans le but de prévenir le risque systémique. Dans un premier temps, on verra les fondements théoriques qui ont articulé la réflexion constituant la genèse de ce travail. Dans un deuxième temps, grâce à deux exemples, on verra comment l’étude des co-mouvements peut permettre d’observer l’effet de contagion sur les marchés actions. Finalement, des potentielles applications de l’analyse des coefficients de corrélation seront mises en avant. Par cette démarche, on constatera que l’observation des mouvements joints par le biais de l’analyse technique, peut permettre de déceler des opportunités d’investissements

The challenges of applying planetary boundaries as a basis for strategic decision-making in companies with global supply chains

YesThe Planetary Boundaries (PB) framework represents a significant advance in specifying the ecological constraints on human development. However, to enable decision-makers in business and public policy to respect these constraints in strategic planning, the PB framework needs to be developed to generate practical tools. With this objective in mind, we analyse the recent literature and highlight three major scientific and technical challenges in operationalizing the PB approach in decision-making: first, identification of thresholds or boundaries with associated metrics for different geographical scales; second, the need to frame approaches to allocate fair shares in the 'safe operating space' bounded by the PBs across the value chain and; third, the need for international bodies to co-ordinate the implementation of the measures needed to respect the Planetary Boundaries. For the first two of these challenges, we consider how they might be addressed for four PBs: climate change, freshwater use, biosphere integrity and chemical pollution and other novel entities. Four key opportunities are identified: (1) development of a common system of metrics that can be applied consistently at and across different scales; (2) setting 'distance from boundary' measures that can be applied at different scales; (3) development of global, preferably open-source, databases and models; and (4) advancing understanding of the interactions between the different PBs. Addressing the scientific and technical challenges in operationalizing the planetary boundaries needs be complemented with progress in addressing the equity and ethical issues in allocating the safe operating space between companies and sectors

Création et validation d'un outil de détection de la fraude par falsification d'ordonnance à partir des bases de données de l'Assurance Maladie

Objectifs. Permettre la détection des ordonnances falsifiées qui ont été délivrées et remboursées. 
Méthode. 1- Sélection dans les bases régionales de l'assurance maladie de patients à comportement hautement suspect de fraude (multiprésentation de la même ordonnance, le même jour dans plusieurs pharmacies différentes) 2- Attribution d'un "diagnostic" de fraude par le CEIP (Centre d'Évaluation et d'Information sur la Pharmacodépendance) à partir des données transmises et par le service médical (analyse de l'ensemble du dossier et convocation éventuelle) 3- Calcul des qualités métrologiques de l'outil. 
Résultats. Ont été sélectionnés 2030 patients ; parmi eux 25 patients ont obtenu à l'aide de 114 ordonnances, 553 délivrances dans 288 pharmacies en un an. La spécificité de notre outil est de 99,5 % et sa sensibilité de 69,4 %. 
Conclusion. La création de cet outil automatisable et utilisable à grande échelle apporte un nouvel éclairage dans l'évaluation, en permettant une détection a posteriori de la fraude

Blood-to-brain transfer of various oxicams: effects of plasma binding on their brain delivery

PURPOSE: The objective of this work was to assess the influence of binding to plasma proteins and to serum on the brain extraction of four antiinflammatory oxicams. METHODS: The brain extraction of isoxicam, tenoxicam, meloxicam and piroxicam was investigated in rats using the carotid injection technique. Blood protein binding parameters were determined by equilibrium dialysis using human serum, human serum albumin (HSA) and alpha-l-acid glycoprotein (AAG) solutions at various concentrations. RESULTS: All oxicams had low values of brain extraction, between 19% and 39% when dissolved in serum, i.e. under physiological conditions. Brain efflux rate constants calculated from the wash-out curves were the same in the absence or presence of serum. Brain efflux was inversely related to the polarity of the oxicams, such that the higher their H-bonding capacity, the lower their brain efflux. The free dialyzable drug fraction was inversely related to protein concentration. However, rat brain extraction was always higher than expected from in vitro measurements of the dialyzable fraction. CONCLUSIONS: Except for piroxicam whose brain extraction was partially decreased in the presence of proteins, the serum unbound and initially bound fractions of oxicams both seem available for transfer into the brain. Modest affinities for AAG rule out any related effect. More surprising is the apparent lack of effect on brain transfer of the high-affinity binding to HSA and serum. The enhanced brain uptake of meloxicam in the presence of AAG could be a result of interactions between this globular protein and the endothelial wall