Transición a la vida adulta en España : una comparación en el tiempo y en el territorio utilizando el análisis de entropía

El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar las transformaciones en las pautas de emancipación en España en las últimas décadas del siglo XX. Para ello, la transición de la juventud al mundo adulto se descompone en sus tres dimensiones fundamentales: el paso de estudiante al mundo laboral (inserción laboral), de miembro dependiente del hogar a persona de referencia del mismo (emancipación residencial) y de la posición exclusiva de hijo/a a la de padre o madre (formación familiar). Utilizamos los datos de los censos españoles de 1981 y 2001 provenientes del IPUMS (Integrated Public Use Microdata Series),facilitados por el Minnesota Population Center de la Universidad de Minnesota. La metodología adoptada es el análisis de entropía de combinación de estatus, que ofrece un indicador sintético de la emancipación juvenil, a la que se añaden dos indicadores: duración y congruencia etárea de las transiciones. Los resultados muestran que el abandono de estatus típicos de la juventud y la asunción a estados típicos de la vida adulta están concentrados en unas edades determinadas. La edad en que los cambios de estatus son más intensos, que aquí llamamos edad ápice de los cambios, se ha desplazado de manera importante entre los dos momentos analizados, con un retraso de seis años en la edad ápice de estos cambios de estatus entre 1981 y 2001. El curso de vida se ha vuelto entre estos dos puntos temporales mucho más complejo, siendo su heterogeneidad mayor entre las mujeres que entre los hombres. Finalmente, cabe destacar una convergencia territorial, como demostramos con los casos particulares de Cataluña y Galicia. El carácter sintético de esta metodología ayuda a resolver la parcialidad en el análisis sobre la transición de la juventud al mundo adulto de otros métodos, y sirve al propósito de construir una visión general e integral del proceso de transición a la vida adulta, aunque se disponga de datos limitados.The aim of this research is to examine changes in the transition to adulthood in Spain during the last two decades of the 20th century. The three most important dimensions of this phenomenon are: 1) the transition from the education system to the labour market (entry into the labour market); 2) the process of leaving the parental home to settle in an independent household (leaving home); and 3) the change in family status from being a «child» to a «parent» (family formation). The study is based on the 1981 and 2001 Censuses collected by IPUMSInternational (Integrated Public Use of Microdata Series) at the Minnesota Population Center of the University of Minnesota. The method used is the «entropy analysis of status combinations», which offers a synthetic indicator of the transition to adulthood, together with two other indicators: «transition spread» and «age congruity». The results show a great concentration on the transition within a specific age range, and a six-year delay in the transition to adulthood between 1981 and 2001. We conclude that the life course became far more complex during this period, particularly for women. We also observe a territorial convergence in the patterns of transition, as the examples of Catalonia and Galicia prove. Despite our data limitations, this method has proven to be superior to traditionally applied techniques due to its ability to collapse different life course dimensions into a unique crosssectional indicator

Once upon a time... This should be your story

The objetive of that paper is to analise how the adoption is retracted in same books for children. The literary text is considered as an important etnographic document qualified for to clear cultural elements presents in way how the people live and think the children's adoption. What family's ideal permeates social imaginary, as those books are at one time product and agent of difusion/repruduction? Texts and pictures pesents in those books received even attention. Verified that the histories have same basec struture. Adoption is reported submerged at ideal atmosphere of affection, acceptation and no conflict.O propósito desse artigo é analisar como a adoção é retratada em alguns livros infantis. O texto literário é considerado como um importante documento etnográfico capaz de esclarecer elementos culturais presentes na maneira como as pessoas vivem e pensam a adoção de crianças. Qual ideal de família permeia o imaginário social do qual esses livros são ao mesmo tempo produto e agente de difusão/reprodução? Textos e ilustrações presentes nesses livros receberam igual atenção e constatou-se que as histórias obedecem a uma mesma estrutura básica, que reveste a adoção de uma atmosfera idealizada de afetividade, aceitação e ausência de conflitos.598

Os filhos que escolhemos : discursos e praticas da adoção em camadas medias

Orientador : Mariza CorreaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias HumanasMestrad

Transición a la vida adulta en España : una comparación histórica y regional

Aquest treball ha estat presentat en el Seminar on Early Adulthood in Time and Space: Multidimensional and Multilevel Perspectives. IUSSP; INED. París (França), 26 de juny de 2008.Desde una perspectiva socio-demográfica, la transición a la vida adulta consiste en el paso de un estatus social caracterizado por la dependencia y por la necesidad de apoyo, propio de la condición infantil y juvenil, a una nueva condición de individuo completamente emancipado y autónomo, ya inmerso y adaptado al sistema de producción y reproducción social. La transición a la vida adulta involucra cambios de estatus: de estudiante a trabajador; de miembro dependiente del hogar a responsable del hogar o cónyuge; de la condición exclusiva de hijo(a), a padre o madre. Empleando la metodología de análisis de entropía de cohortes ficticias, medimos la evolución y el calendario de la transición a la vida adulta en España y en aquellas Comunidades Autónomas seleccionadas, en 1981 y 2001.Des d'una perspectiva sociodemogràfica, la transició a la vida adulta consisteix en el pas d'un estatus social caracteritzat per la dependència i per la necessitat de suport, propi de la condició infantil i juvenil, a una nova condició d'individu completament emancipat i autònom, ja immers i adaptat al sistema de producció i reproducció social. La transició a la vida adulta involucra canvis d'estatus: d'estudiant a treballador; de membre depenent de la llar a responsable de la llar o cònjuge; de la condició exclusiva de fill(a), a pare o mare. Emprant la metodologia d'anàlisi d'entropia de cohorts fictícies, mesurem l'evolució i el calendari de la transició a la vida adulta a Espanya i en aquelles Comunitats Autònomes seleccionades, al 1981 i 2001.From a socio-demographic perspective, the transition to adulthood consists in the change of a social status characterized by dependency and need of support, typical of the childhood and youth condition, for a new individual condition entirely emancipated and autonomous that is already absorbed and adapted to the system of production and social reproduction. The transition to adulthood involves changes of status: from student to worker; from a dependent member of the household to a responsible of a household or spouse/partner; from the exclusive condition of son/ daughter to father or mother. Employing the methodology of entropy analysis of status combinations of fictitious cohorts, we measured the evolution and the timing of the transition to the adult life in Spain and autonomous communities selected in 1981 and 2001

Behavior of brazilian nuptiality in 2000 and 2010

The objective of this paper is to compare the singulate mean age at union (smau) and singulate mean age at marriage (smam) of Brazilian women in twenty-seven states in 2000 and 2010. It explores associations between these mean ages and three variables: availability of partners of the opposite sex, feasibility of marriage and changing appreciation of marriage as a value. The mean age at union (smau) is more associated with the availability of partners. On the other hand, smam is more associated with socioeconomic variables than smau. Socioeconomic disadvantages are more related to smam more than smau. It is very hard to capture changes in the appreciation of marriage as a value, because the available variables are not ideal for this. However, the sex ratio of the employed population and of males and females who have completed tertiary education in the geographic areas analyzed are used as proxies of differences between these two values.O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar o que aqui denominamos idade média à união (smau) e a idade média ao casamento (smam) de mulheres e homens nas 27 unidades federativas brasileiras (26 estados e o distrito federal) em 2000 e 2010. Exploram-se possíveis1019107125sem informaçãosem informaçãoThe objective of this paper is to compare the singulate mean age at union (smau) and singulate mean age at marriage (smam) of Brazilian women in twenty-seven states in 2000 and 2010. It explores associations between these mean ages and three variables: a

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

Sensitivity of South American tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly

The tropical forest carbon sink is known to be drought sensitive, but it is unclear which forests are the most vulnerable to extreme events. Forests with hotter and drier baseline conditions may be protected by prior adaptation, or more vulnerable because they operate closer to physiological limits. Here we report that forests in drier South American climates experienced the greatest impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño, indicating greater vulnerability to extreme temperatures and drought. The long-term, ground-measured tree-by-tree responses of 123 forest plots across tropical South America show that the biomass carbon sink ceased during the event with carbon balance becoming indistinguishable from zero (−0.02 ± 0.37 Mg C ha −1 per year). However, intact tropical South American forests overall were no more sensitive to the extreme 2015–2016 El Niño than to previous less intense events, remaining a key defence against climate change as long as they are protected

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost