Metabolic, muscle damage and heart rate responses in brazilian jiu-jitsu matches of varied duration

The aim of this study was to analyze physiological responses in Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) athletes during matches of varied duration. To this end, 10 athletes (age: 29±5 years old, body mass: 77.5±6.3 kg, body fat: 10.0±5.2%, systematic BJJ practice: 10±2 years) were analyzed in matches of varied duration (2-min, 5-min, 8-min and 10-min). Blood collection was performed to determine energetic demands, hormonal responses and muscle damage. The main results showed that a longer duration of combat generated higher lactate (p<.001) and glucose (p=.004) concentrations. However, when the data were corrected for the effort time, higher lactate concentrations (p<.001) and higher heart rates (p<.001) were found in shorter duration combats. No changes were observed concerning insulin (p=.870), triglycerides (p=.219), total cholesterol (p=.170), albumin (p=.060) and urea (p=.772) values. For markers of muscle damage, no alterations were detected for creatine kinase (p=.401). However, evidence of muscle damage was found, as increased lactate desidrogenase (p=.012) and creatinine (p=.002) concentrations were observed, particularly in the matches of a longer duration. Thus, it is concluded that different combat times have a direct influence on the physiological, hormonal and metabolic responses

Características Neuromotoras e Alterações nos Parâmetros Funcionais de Atletas de Futsal Durante Temporada

O presente estudo tem por objetivo descrever as características funcionais e neuromotoras de atletas de futsal, assim como identificar as alterações nestes parâmetros durante temporada. Para isto são avaliados 12 atletas profissionais de nível estadual. A amostra é submetida à avaliação para determinação da potência aeróbia e anaeróbia alática, agilidade, potência de membros inferiores em plano vertical e horizontal, resistência muscular abdominal e de membros superiores. Os dados são submetidos à estatística descritiva. A comparação dos resultados entre teste e reteste, e entre posições é obtida por meio do teste t de Student, utilizando 5% como nível de significância. Os atletas demonstram excelente resistência muscular abdominal e resistência de membros superiores acima da média, embora estas valências não sejam especificas no futsal. Quanto à potência aeróbia máxima e agilidade, os resultados obtidos são compatíveis com os dos atletas da mesma modalidade. Porém, os índices de potência de membros inferiores mostram-se aquém dos apresentados por jogadores de futsal em outros estudos.  Em relação à distinção quanto ao posicionamento, são encontradas diferenças estatísticas na potência aeróbia entre fixos e pivôs, e entre fixos e goleiros. Na agilidade, são denotadas discrepâncias entre goleiros e pivôs. Quando contrastados os dados obtidos em período preparatório com os do período competitivo, mesmo apresentando melhoras nas valências avaliadas, verifica-se que tais alterações não são estatisticamente significativas

Physical performance, time-motion, technical-tactical analyses, and perceptual responses in brazilian jiu-jitsu matches of varied duration

This study aimed to analyze performance, time structure, technical actions, and perceptual responses of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during matches of varied duration. For this, 10 athletes were analyzed in matches of varied duration (2-min, 5-min, 8-min and 10-min). Physical tests (reaction time, maximal isometric handgrip strength, grip strength endurance, vertical jump and sit-and-reach) and perceptive scales (exertion and recovery) were applied before and immediately after a combat. The matches were recorded for technicaltactical analysis and to determine their time structure. The main results showed that alterations were observed for the grip strength with kimono (p=.001), whereas a decrease was observed in the suspension time in the 8-min (p=.017) and 10-min (p=.002) combats compared to pre-match mean values. The rating of perceived exertion was influenced by time (p<.001), with higher values reported after combats of 8-min and 10-min duration compared to 2-min combat (p=.008 and p=.001; respectively). The effort:pause ratio did not differ between the times of combats (p=.472), but the pause time differed according to match duration (p=.004), with higher values observed in the 10-min combats than in the 2-min combats (p=.002). Thus, it was concluded that combats of longer duration resulted in higher perceived exertion, higher pause time and lower strength endurance

Psihološka, fiziološka i subjektivna reakcija te promjene u fizičkim performansama nakon borbe u brazilskom jiu jitsu

This study aimed to investigate the psychological, physiological, performance and perceptive responses to a regional level Brazilian jiu-jitsu competition. The study included 12 Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes graded blue belt. The psychological responses were measured by the Profile of Mood States – POMS and Sport Competition Anxiety Test – SCAT. Glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate and lactate were determined from blood samples collected at rest and immediately after the fights at the earlobe. Saliva samples were also collected at rest and immediately after the fights to determine cortisol and immunoglobulin A (IgA). Maximal isometric grip strength was tested using a handgrip dynamometer, before and after the fights. Rating of perceived exertion was also assessed after the fights using the 6-20 Borg scale. The athletes were asked to indicate on an anatomical diagram of the anterior and posterior views of the body, the areas they perceived to have experienced most exertion during fights. Before the competition the athletes presented an iceberg profile of mood state and medium competitive anxiety. As a result of the fights, glucose, lactate, cortisol and IgA increased significantly. However, β-hydroxybutyrate level remained constant after the fights. Physical exertion during the match resulted in significant reductions only in the dominant handgrip strength. In addition, the athletes rated the fight as hard and very hard and indicated the forearm, wrist and frontal thigh as the principal points of fatigue. The results indicated that Brazilian jiu-jitsu fights exert a moderate demand on the glycolytic pathway, and caused significant reductions in handgrip strength.Ovom je istraživanju cilj bio utvrditi psihološku, fiziološku i subjektivnu reakciju te promjene u fizičkim performansama natjecatelja tijekom regionalnog natjecanja u brazilskom jiu jitsu. U istraživanje je bilo uključeno dvanaest brazilskih jiu jitsu boraca, nositelja plavog pojasa. Psihološki odgovor ispitanika bio je utvrđen upitnicima Profile of Mood States (POMS) i Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). Razina gukoze, ß-hidroksibutirata i koncentracija laktata mjerena je iz uzorka krvi koja je uzeta iz ušne resice ispitanika u stanju mirovanja i neposredno nakon borbe. Uzorci sline također su prikupljeni u stanju mirovanja i neposredno nakon borbe radi utvrđivanja razine kortizola i imunoglobulina A (IgA). Maksimalna izometrična jakost stiska šake testirana je pomoću ručnog dinamometra, također prije i nakon borbi. Subjektivna procjena opterećenja, mjerena na Borgovoj skali od 6 do 20, također je zabilježena nakon borbi. Ispitanici su na anatomskom prikazu prednje i stražnje strane čovjeka, nakon borbe morali obilježiti dio tijela koji je tijekom borbe bio izložen najvećem opterećenju. Prije natjecanja ispitanici su zabilježili visoke vrijednosti u POMS upitniku te srednje vrijednosti u SCAT upitniku. Kao rezultat borbi, glukoza, laktati, kortizol i IgA su značajno porasli. Ipak, razina ß-hidroksibutirata je ostala nepromijenjena nakon borbi. Fizički napor tijekom borbi rezultirao je značajnim smanjenjem jakosti šake samo dominantne ruke. Ispitanici su borbe ocijenili kao teške i vrlo teške te su istaknuli podlakticu, zapešće i prednji dio natkoljenice kao točke u kojima je zamijećen najveći umor. Rezultati su pokazali da borbe brazilskog jiu jitsa predstavljaju umjerene zahtjeve na glikolitičke mehanizme te uzrokuju značajno opadanje jakosti šake

Level of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and nutritional status of higher education institution servers

Objective: to evaluate the level of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and nutritional status of Brazilian higher education institution servers. Method: 134 public servants (80 men and 54 women) were evaluated to estimate body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist/hip ratio (WHR), aerobic fitness and blood pressure at rest. Results: most of the servers were classified as insufficiently active (62%). BMI results show a high prevalence of obesity (39% mild and 33% moderate). WC showed a prevalence of high (30%) and very high risk (27%), and WHR showed a prevalence of high (28%) or very high risk (12%). The ergometric test showed that 41% of the servers presented very poor (17%) or poor (24%) aerobic fitness and 23%, regular aerobic fitness. Considering blood pressure, 15% of the servers presented blood pressure considered as borderline and 30% considered as hypertension. No associations were found between physical condition (active or inactive) with WC (χ2 = 3.4, p = 0.179), WHR (χ2 = 7.0, p = 0.073), aerobic fitness (χ2 = 4.3, p = 0.368) and blood pressure (χ2 = 2.9, p = 0.734). Although no association was observed between physical activity and BMI (χ2 = 7.6, p = 0.062), significance values (p < 0.07) suggested an association trend, with worse ratings for the sedentary group. Closing remarks: among higher education institution servers, there is high prevalence of physical inactivity, obesity and risk factors, and the majority of the sample had aerobic fitness below recommended levels

Physiological responses and rate of perceived exertion in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes

In this study, the physiological responses and rate of perceived exertion in Brazilian jiu-jitsu fighters submitted to a combat simulation were investigated. Venous blood samples and heart rate were taken from twelve male Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (27.1+/-2.7 yrs, 75.4+/-8.8 kg, 174.9+/-4.4 cm, 9.2+/-2.4% fat), at rest, after a warm-up (ten minutes), immediately after the fight simulation (seven minutes) and after recovery (fourteen minutes). After the combat the rate of perceived exertion was collected. The combat of the Brazilian jiu-jitsu fighters did not change blood concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein, ureia and ammonia. However, blood levels of high density lipoprotein were significantly higher post-fight (before: 43.0+/-6.9 mg/dL, after: 45.1+/-8.0 mg/dL) and stayed at high levels during the recovery period (43.6+/-8.1 mg/dL) compared to the rest values (40.0+/-6.6 mg/dL). The fight did not cause changes in the concentrations of the cell damage markers of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine. However, blood concentrations of the alanine aminotransferase (before: 16.1+/-7.1 U/L, after: 18.6+/-7.1 U/L) and lactate dehydrogenase (before: 491.5+/-177.6 U/L, after: 542.6+/-141.4 U/L) enzymes were elevated after the fight. Heart rate (before: 122+/-25 bpm, after: 165+/-17 bpm) and lactate (before: 2.5+/-1.2 mmol/L, after: 11.9+/-5.8 mmol/L) increased significantly with the completion of combat. Despite this, the athletes rated the fight as being light or somewhat hard (12+/-2). These results showed that muscle glycogen is not the only substrate used in Brazilian jiu-jitsu fights, since there are indications of activation of the glycolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic pathways. Furthermore, the athletes rated the combats as being light or somewhat hard although muscle damage markers were generated.CNPqCNPqCNPqCNPQ [471201/2012-0

Morphological profile of Brazilian jiu-jitsu elite athletes

Athletes from many sports that are categorized by body mass tend to reduce it to fit in lower categories. Such reduction can compromise the athlete's performance and health. In order to determine the most appropriate category, the body composition is highly relevant, especially to avoid excessive reduction. Thus, this study analyzed the morphological profile of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu elite athletes. The sample was composed of 11 athletes, aged 25.8 +/- 3.3 years, medalists in national and/or international competitions. The analysis was performed to determine the anthropometric body composition and somatotype. Body fat percentage from this population was 10.3 +/- 2.6 % fat, a high percentage of muscle mass (61.3 +/- 1.5 %), and predominant mesomorphic component (5.5 +/- 1.0) was observed. The points of highest and lowest fat accumulation were respectively abdominal (15.7 +/- 6.3 mm) and chest (6.8 +/- 1.5 mm) regions. It can be concluded that athletes from this sport showed higher body mass during the preparatory period than in competitive conditions (4.4 +/- 2.4 %); however, they showed low body fat, high muscle mass percentage and predominant mesomorphic component.CNPqCNPQCAPES organsCAPES organ

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

microRNAs 29b, 29c, 199a e 532-3p are potentials repressors of GLUT4 and HK2 expression in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats.

Diabetes é uma doença metabólica caracterizada por hiperglicemia associada a prejuízos na captação e utilização de glicose, em que reduções na expressão da proteína GLUT4 (codificada pelo gene SLC2A4), bem como das enzimas Hexokinase-2 e Glycogen synthase (codificadas pelos genes HK2 e GYS1), desempenham papel importante. Recentemente, um novo elemento vem sendo relacionado à etiopatogenia e à fisiopatologia do diabetes, os microRNAs (miRNAs), que são pequenos RNAs envolvidos na regulação da expressão gênica, geralmente afetando a degradação de mRNAs. Entretanto, a participação de miRNAs envolvidos na redução da expressão de mRNAs relacionados a proteínas envolvidas na captação e utilização de glicose, sobretudo em músculo esquelético, permanece desconhecida. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a expressão de miRNAs potencialmente reguladores da expressão de Slc2a4/GLUT4, Hk2/HK2 e Gys1/GYS1 em músculo esquelético de ratos diabéticos. Utilizamos ratos Wistar machos que foram tornados diabéticos pela administração de estreptozotocina. Após 13 dias, 3 grupos foram formados: não-diabético (ND) e diabético tratado com placebo (DP) ou insulina (DI). O tratamento foi conduzido por 7 dias, totalizando 21 dias de diabetes. Variáveis metabólicas foram avaliadas e os músculos sóleos foram removidos para avaliar a expressão de mRNAs, miRNAs e proteínas. Uma abrangente análise in silico foi conduzida para determinar miRNAs candidatos a regularem a expressão de Slc2a4, Hk2 e Gys1. Os animais diabéticos apresentaram perda de peso, poliúria, glicosúria, hiperglicemia e aumento de frutosamina plasmática; a insulinoterapia melhorou estas variáveis. O diabetes reduziu a expressão dos mRNAs Slc2a4 (~55%), Hk2 (~47%) e Gys1 (~45%), e das proteínas GLUT4 (~77%), HK2(~52%) e GYS1 (~49%); a insulinoterapia restaurou essas variáveis. A expressão de 20 miRNAs foi avaliada neste estudo; 8 foram modulados pelo diabetes, sendo três supra-regulados, miR-1 (~28%), miR-29b (~118%) e miR-29c (~51%); e cinco infra-regulados, miR-93 (~39%), miR-199a (~30%), miR-345-3p (~23%), miR-532-3p (~26%) e miR-150 (~32%). Exceto pelo miR-1 e miR-150, a insulinoterapia reverteu as demais alterações. Além disso, miR-29b e miR-29c correlacionaram-se negativamente com GLUT4 e HK2, e positivamente com glicemia, glicosúria e frutosamina, sugerindo uma possível relação causal; enquanto que miR-199a e miR-532-3p correlacionaram-se positivamente com GLUT4 e HK2, e também com as variáveis metabólicas, sugerindo uma regulação indireta sobre os mRNAs dessas proteínas. No último caso, demonstrou-se que o miR-199a tem como alvo o NFKB1, um repressor do gene Slc2a4, o qual diminuiu no diabetes, explicando, pelo menos parcialmente, o efeito indireto sobre o GLUT4. Em suma, o diabetes aumenta a expressão de miR-29b e miR-29c, e reduz a expressão de miR-199a e miR-532-3p; o primeiro efeito, potencialmente age diretamente na tradução do mRNA Slc2a4 e Hk2, e o segundo, potencialmente age indiretamente, via NFKB, na transcrição dos genes. Como consequência, as proteínas GLUT4 e HK2 diminuem, o que reduziria a utilização de glicose pelo músculo, contribuindo para a hiperglicemia do diabetes.Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia associated with impaired glucose metabolism and uptake, in which reductions of GLUT4, hexokinase 2 (HK2) and glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) proteins, encoded respectively by SLC2A4, HK2 and GYS1 genes, play an important role. Recently, a new element have been related to etiopathogeny and pathophysiology of diabetes, the microRNAs (miRNAs), which are small RNAs involved in the regulation of gene expression, usually by affecting the degradation of mRNAs. However, the participation of miRNAs diabetes-induced reduction of expression of genes related to glucose uptake and metabolism in skeletal muscle remains unknown. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the expression of miRNAs potentially regulators of the Slc2a4/GLUT4, Hk2/HK2 and Gys1/GYS1 in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were rendered diabetic by receiving streptozotocin. After 13 days, 3 groups were formed: non-diabetic (ND), and diabetic treated with placebo (DP) or insulin (DI) (NPH insulin, 6U/day). Treatment was conducted for 7 days, totalizing 21 days of diabetes. At the end of the experimental period, metabolic variables were evaluated and the soleus muscle was removed for evaluation of mRNA, miRNA and protein expression. A broad in silico analysis was performed to determine candidate miRNAs as potential regulators of Slc2a4, Hk2 and Gys1. Diabetic rats shown weight loss, polyuria, glycosuria, hyperglycemia and increased plasma fructosamine; insulin treatment improved these variables. Diabetes reduced Slc2a4 (~55%), Hk2 (~47%) and Gys1 (~45%) mRNAs, as well as GLUT4 (77%), HK2 (52%) and GYS1 (49%) proteins; insulin treatment restored these variables. Twenty miRNAs were assessed in this study. Eight miRNAs were modulated by diabetes in skeletal muscle; three were upregulated: miR-1 (28%), miR-29b (118%) and miR-29c (51%), whereas five were downregulated: miR-93 (39%), miR-150 (32%), miR-199a (30%), miR-345-3p (23%) and miR-532-3p (26%). Except for miR-1 and miR-150, all regulations were reverted by insulin treatment. Besides, miR-29b and miR-29c were negatively correlated with GLUT4 and HK2 proteins, and positively with glucose, glycosuria and plasma fructosamine suggesting a direct causal relationship; while miR-199a and miR-532-3p were positively correlated with GLUT4 and HK2 proteins, and also with the metabolic variables, suggesting an indirect causal relationship. In the last case, it was demonstrated that miR-199a has the Slc2a4 repressor Nfkb1 as target, which was reduced in muscle from diabetic rats, explaining, at least partially, the indirect effect upon GLUT4. In conclusion, diabetes increase the expression of miR-29b and miR-29c, and reduce the expression of miR-199a e miR-532-3p; the first effect, potentially acts directly in the translation of Slc2a4 and Hk2 mRNAs, and the second one, potentially acts indirectly, via NFKB, in the transcription of these genes. As a result, the expression of GLUT4 and HK2 decreases, which would reduce the muscle glucose uptake and metabolization, contributing to the hyperglycemia of the diabetes