A Administração de Territórios Ocupados: Indeterminação das Normas de Direito Internacional Humanitário?

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as normas de direito internacional humanitário relativas à administração de territórios ocupados. Primeiro, apresentamos a noção de “território ocupado” no direito internacional humanitário segundo os principais tratados sobre o tema, assim como as principais decisões de tribunais internacionais sobre a matéria. Em seguida, discutimos especificamente a regulação 43 das Regulações da Haia de 1907, que dispõe sobre os direitos e deveres do Estado ocupante. Logo após, analisamos o caso da ocupação liderada pelos Estados Unidos e Reino Unido no Iraque após a guerra em 2003, que promoveu uma série de reformas liberais na economia iraquiana. À luz das regulações relativas a administração de territórios ocupados, buscamos responder se (i) as transformações econômicas promovidas pelas potências ocupantes foram voltadas para a restauração e asseguração da ordem e da vida públicas no Iraque, e (ii) se houve um impedimento absoluto para se manter a legislação doméstica econômica. Concluimos que indeterminações das normas de direito internacional humanitário relativas à ocupação militar de territórios impossibilitam uma resposta exata que evite o abuso promovido por aqueles que têm mais poder. O discurso em defesa das normas de direito internacional humanitário está arquitetado na premissa de que é possível reduzir o sofrimento humano em conflitos armados. Todavia, restou claro que esse sistema apresenta diversas lacunas que permitem a exploração por parte daqueles que tentam encobrir suas intenções com o manto da legalidade

Utjecaj prethodne obrade ultrazvukom na sušenje dinje i modeliranje temperaturnog profila pomoću računalne dinamike fluida

Research background: Drying is one of the most traditional processes of food preservation. Optimizing the process can result in a competitive product on the market regarding its price and quality. A common method in use as a pretreatment to drying is ultrasound. The goal of this work is to analyze different drying methods with and without applying ultrasound (US) pretreatment, on heat and mass transfer, simulating numerically the temperature profile by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Experimental approach: The melon slices were pretreated with ultrasound for 10 (US10), 20 (US20) and 30 (US30) min at 25 kHz, and the water loss and solid gain were evaluated. Samples were dried at different temperatures (50, 60 and 70 °C). The effective diffusivity was estimated, and experimental data were modelled using empirical models. The airflow in the dryer and the temperature profile in the melon slice were simulated via computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Results and conclusions: Ultrasound pretreatment reduced the drying time from 25% (samples US20 and US30 at 50 °C) to 40% (samples US20 and US30 at 70 °C). The two-term exponential model presented the best fit to the experimental data, and the diffusivity coefficients showed a tendency to increase as the time of exposure of the melon to ultrasonic waves increased. Pretreatment water loss and solid gain behaviour and drying kinetic and diffusion data were used to choose the best experimental conditions to be simulated with CFD. The heat transfer modelling through CFD showed that the temperature distribution along the melon slice was representative. Therefore, the profile obtained via CFD satisfactorily describes the drying process. Novelty and scientific contribution: The use of simulation tools in real processes allows the monitoring and improvement of existing technologies, such as food drying processes, that involve complex mechanisms, making it difficult to obtain some data. Application of CFD in the drying processes of fruits and vegetables is still very recent, being a field little explored. There is no record in the literature that uses CFD in the drying of melon.Pozadina istraživanja. Sušenje je jedan od najtradicionalnijih postupaka konzerviranja hrane. Optimiranjem postupka sušenja dobivaju se proizvodi koji su cijenom i kakvoćom konkurentni na tržištu. Primjena ultrazvuka je uobičajena metoda prethodne obrade proizvoda prije sušenja. Svrha je ovoga rada bila ispitati različite metode sušenja s prethodnom obradom ultrazvukom ili bez nje na prijenos topline i mase, te napraviti simulaciju temperaturnog profila primjenom računalne dinamike fluida. Eksperimentalni pristup. Kriške dinje su prethodno obrađene ultrazvukom pri 25 kHz tijekom 10, 20 i 30 min, te su izmjereni gubitak vode i povećanje mase suhe tvari uzoraka. Uzorci su zatim sušeni pri temperaturama od 50, 60 i 70 °C. Procijenjena je efektivna difuzivnost vode, a eksperimentalni su rezultati oblikovani pomoću empirijskih modela. Protok zraka u sušari i promjena temperature u krišci dinje simulirani su pomoću računalne dinamike fluida. Rezultati i zaključci. Prethodnom obradom ultrazvukom vrijeme se sušenja smanjilo od 25 % (za uzorke obrađene ultrazvukom tijekom 20 i 30 min, a zatim sušene na 50 °C) do 40 % (za uzorke obrađene ultrazvukom tijekom 20 i 30 min, a zatim sušene na 70 °C). Dvočlani eksponencijalni model najbolje je opisao eksperimentalne podatke, a koeficijent difuzivnosti povećavao se s produljenjem obrade uzoraka dinje ultrazvukom. Gubitak vode i povećanje mase suhe tvari tijekom prethodne obrade ultrazvukom, te kinetika sušenja i podaci o difuzivnosti korišteni su za odabir najboljih eksperimentalnih uvjeta i njihovu simulaciju pomoću računalne dinamike fluida. Modeliranjem prijenosa topline potvrđeno je da je distribucija topline u kriški dinje bila u skladu s očekivanjima. Stoga je zaključeno da temperaturni profil dobiven računalnom dinamikom fluida na zadovoljavajući način opisuje postupak sušenja. Novina i znanstveni doprinos. Alati za simulaciju stvarnih procesa omogućuju praćenje i poboljšanje postojećih postupaka obrade hrane kao što je sušenje, koje uključuje kompleksne mehanizme, što otežava dobivanje podataka. Primjena računalne dinamike fluida pri sušenju voća i povrća je noviji i slabo istražen postupak. U znanstvenoj literaturi nema podataka o upotrebi računalne dinamike fluida pri sušenju dinje

Three-Months of Neuromotor Fitness Program Affect the Body Composition and Physical Performance in Untrained Women

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(4): 1346-1354, 2019. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three months of neuromotor fitness on body composition and physical performance in untrained women. Nine untrained women (age: 38.1 ± 6.9 years; total body mass: 79.3 ± 10.7 kg; height: 161.5 ± 3.9 cm; body mass index: 30.4 ± 4.1) participated in the present study. Subjects attended the laboratory on twenty-seven occasions during a three-month period at least forty-eight hours in between sessions. Sessions 1 and 2 were used to measure morphology and body composition, and to familiarize all subjects with the experimental procedure and physical performance tests (muscle power, balance, muscular endurance, and flexibility). During sessions 3 to 26, all exercises were performed twice a week during 60-min in each session. All exercises were divided into three different circuit programs composed by12 stations with one-min exercise and a passive recovery of thirty-sec. There were significant decreases (p \u3c 0.005) for circumference in the right and left arm, pectoral, waist, abdomen, hip, and right and left calf. There were significant increases in lean body mass (p \u3c 0.005) and total body weight (p \u3c 0.005). There were significant decreases for body mass index (p \u3c 0.005), fat mass (p \u3c 0.005), and fat percentage (p \u3c 0.05). There were significant decreases (p \u3c 0.005) for skinfold in triceps, pectoral, subaxilar, shoulder blade, abdomen, hip, and thigh. There were significant increases for power test (p \u3c 0.005), muscular endurance test (p \u3c 0.005), and functional test (p \u3c 0.005). There were no significant differences for flexibility (p \u3c 0.005). The neuromotor fitness program affects the body composition and increases the physical performance in untrained women

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of chitooligosaccharides upon lymphocytes

Two COS mixtures and a low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) were tested for potential cytotoxicity and genotoxicity upon human lymphocytes. Genotoxicity was evaluated in vitro by cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus and alkaline comet assays, while cytotoxicity was assessed by flow cytometry analysis. Our results suggest that COS do not exhibit any genotoxicity upon human lymphocytes, independently of MW or concentration. However, above 0.07 mg/mL COS induced strong cytotoxic effects. According to the concentration used, such cytotoxicity will induce cell death, essentially by necrosis (>0.10 mg/mL) and/or apoptosis (<0.10 mg/mL). The level of necrosis/apoptosis induced by high COS concentrations, suggests a promising use as apoptosis inducers in specific cancer situations.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Soil organic matter fractions, chemical attributes and aggregation under forestry and agricultural systems

The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of the conversion of forest systems to agricultural systems in the organic matter compartments, aggregation and soil chemical attributes, in the Atlantic Forest. The evaluated systems were: annual crop (ACr); perennial agriculture (PAg); pasture; and secondary forest early (SFES), medium (SFMS), and advanced stage (SFAS). Soil samples were collected at the layer of 0-5 cm depth and quantified the total organic carbon (TOC), C of humic substances, oxidizable C, granulometric fractions of soil organic matter (SOM), soil chemical attributes, soil aggregation and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP-total and GRSP-easily extractable) in different aggregate classes. It was observed a reduction of the TOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), humic substances and oxidizable C in the PAg and ACr areas comparing to pasture and forest systems. Moreover, the pH values increased whereas P content decreased in comparison with SFAS. As for aggregation, the PAg and the ACr decreased by around 35% and 20% the mean weight diameter of aggregates, respectively, compared to the average values found in the forestry systems, and 34% and 45%, respectively in relation to pasture. In general, GRSP-total were reduced by agriculture. Thus, it appears that the agriculture which has been practiced is altering negatively the soil chemical, physical and biological attributes.The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of the conversion of forest systems to agricultural systems in the organic matter compartments, aggregation and soil chemical attributes, in the Atlantic Forest. The evaluated systems were: annual crop (ACr); perennial agriculture (PAg); pasture; and secondary forest early (SFES), medium (SFMS), and advanced stage (SFAS). Soil samples were collected at the layer of 0-5 cm depth and quantified the total organic carbon (TOC), C of humic substances, oxidizable C, granulometric fractions of soil organic matter (SOM), soil chemical attributes, soil aggregation and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP-total and GRSP-easily extractable) in different aggregate classes. It was observed a reduction of the TOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), humic substances and oxidizable C in the PAg and ACr areas comparing to pasture and forest systems. Moreover, the pH values increased whereas P content decreased in comparison with SFAS. As for aggregation, the PAg and the ACr decreased by around 35% and 20% the mean weight diameter of aggregates, respectively, compared to the average values found in the forestry systems, and 34% and 45%, respectively in relation to pasture. In general, GRSP-total were reduced by agriculture. Thus, it appears that the agriculture which has been practiced is altering negatively the soil chemical, physical and biological attributes

Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of a nanobiomaterial in a maxillary sinus lift surgery: a case report

The objective of this study was to histologically and immunologically analyze the level of bone substitution and the presence of new blood vessels in a nanobiomaterial composed of hydroxyapatite and BTCP in a maxillary sinus lift surgery. A case of a maxillary sinus lift was investigated. The patient had a 1.0 mm bone remnant on the left side and 2 grams of nanobiomaterial (80% hydroxyapatite and 20% β-tricalcium phosphate) were grafted into the pneumatized sinus. After 6 months, during dental implant placement surgery, grafted bone samples were collected with 4 mm trephines. These samples were sent to the laboratory for analysis where they were stained with masson'strichrome and immuno stained with osteonectin and osteopontin. After 6 months of bone regeneration a result of 14 mm of bone gain was reached, the analyzes in masson's trichrome showed an excellent gain of newly formed bone, in addition to a very high percentage of blood vessels. In the immunostaining, a very large number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts was observed, signaling an excellent osteoconduction and osteoinduction of the studied nanobiomaterial. The maxillary sinus lift surgery with nanobiomaterial provided a very favorable bone height and thickness gain, as well as the high vascularity and cellularity, which enabled the patient's oral rehabilitation with osseointegrated dental implants and permanent ceramic prostheses.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Porte da gramínea e inclusão da cunhã modificam o valor nutritivo da silagem de capim-elefante

The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional value of silages from tall-sized and dwarf elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) genotypes, intercropped or not with butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea). The experiment was performed in randomized complete blocks, in a 4x2 factorial arrangement (four genotypes × two cropping systems). The genotypes intercropped or not with butterfly pea were: IRI-381 and Elephant B, tall sized; and Taiwan A-146 2.37 and Mott, dwarf. Forage was harvested 60 days after regrowth. In the silage from Mott grass intercropped with butterfly pea, lower contents of lignin (78.1 g kg-1), neutral detergent fiber (636.0 g kg-1), and neutral detergent insoluble protein (13.15 g kg-1), besides a greater dry matter recovery (873.3 g kg-1), were observed. The silage from Taiwan A-146 2.37 intercropped with the legume showed a greater crude protein content (136.1 g kg-1). In both silages, the ammonia nitrogen contents were quite reduced (26.4 g kg-1). However, greater residual water-soluble carbohydrate contents were observed in the silages from the intercrop (1.85 mg g-1) and from the Mott grass monocrop (1.51 mg g-1). Moreover, there was a lower in vitro dry matter digestibility (676.7 g kg-1) for the silage from the intercrop. Dwarf genotypes increase the nutritional value of elephant grass silage, compared with the tall-sized ones. Intercropping with butterfly pea improves silage fermentation characteristics, despite reducing its digestibility. Therefore, the ensilage of dwarf Mott elephant grass intercropped with butterfly pea shows more promising results.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o valor nutritivo de silagens de genótipos anões e altos de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum), consorciados ou não à cunhã (Clitoria ternatea). O experimento foi realizado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 4x2 (quatro genótipos × dois sistemas de plantio). Os genótipos consorciados ou não à cunhã foram: IRI-381 e Elefante B, de porte alto; e Taiwan A-146 2.37 e Mott, anões. A forragem foi colhida após 60 dias de rebrota. Na silagem do capim Mott consorciado à cunhã, foram observados menores teores de lignina (78,1 g kg-1), fibra em detergente neutro (636,0 g kg-1) e proteína insolúvel em detergente neutro (13,15 g kg-1), além de maior recuperação da matéria seca (873,3 g kg-1). A silagem de Taiwan A-146 2.37 cultivado em consórcio com a leguminosa apresentou maior teor de proteína bruta (136,1 g kg-1). Em ambas as silagens, os teores de nitrogênio amoniacal foram bastante reduzidos (26,4 g kg-1). No entanto, maiores teores residuais de carboidratos solúveis em água foram observados nas silagens do consórcio (1,85 mg g-1) e do capim Mott em monocultivo (1,51 mg g-1). Além disso, houve menor digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (676,7 g kg-1) na silagem do consórcio. Os genótipos anões aumentam o valor nutricional da silagem de capim-elefante, comparados aos de porte alto. O consórcio com a cunhã melhora as características fermentativas da silagem, apesar de reduzir a sua digestibilidade. Portanto, a ensilagem do capim anão Mott consorciado à cunhã apresenta resultados mais promissores

Busca de inibidores da enzima glicossomal gliceraldeído 3-fosfato desidrogenase de Trypanosoma cruzi

The inhibitory activity of crude extracts of Meliaceae and Rutaceae plants on glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) enzyme from Trypanosoma cruzi was evaluated at 100 &#956;g/mL. Forty-six extracts were tested and fifteen of them showed significant inhibitory activity (IA % > 50). The majority of the assayed extracts of Meliaceae plants (Cedrela fissilis, Cipadessa fruticosa and Trichilia ramalhoi) showed high ability to inhibit the enzymatic activity. The fractionation of the hexane extract from branches of C. fruticosa led to the isolation of three flavonoids: flavone, 7-methoxyflavone and 3',4',5',5,7-pentamethoxyflavone. The two last compounds showed high ability to inhibit the gGAPDH activity. Therefore, the assayed Meliaceae species could be considered as a promising source of lead compounds against Chagas' disease.Nesse trabalho foi avaliada a atividade inibitória sobre a enzima glicossomal gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase de T. cruzi (gGAPDH) de extratos vegetais oriundos de plantas das famílias Meliaceae e Rutaceae, na concentração de 100 &#956;g/mL. Foram testados 46 extratos, dos quais 15 apresentaram atividade inibitória significativa (% AI > 50). A maioria dos extratos de plantas da família Meliaceae (Cedrela fissilis, Cipadessa fruticosa e Trichilia ramalhoi) apresentou grande potencial em inibir a atividade enzimática. O fracionamento do extrato hexânico dos galhos de C. fruticosa permitiu o isolamento de três flavonóides: flavona, 7-metoxiflavona e 3',4',5',5,7-pentametoxiflavona. Os dois últimos foram ativos na inibição da atividade de gGAPDH. Desta forma, as três espécies de Meliaceae testadas podem ser consideradas promissoras na busca de compostos protótipos para o controle da doença de Chagas.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES)FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projeto

Influência da aplicação de inseticidas no índice de infestação de coração morto em cana de açúcar/ Influence of the application of insecticides on the index of dead heart infestation in sugar cane

A presença de coração morto em cana de açúcar é reflexo do ataque da broca-da-cana (Diatraea saccharalis) sendo que 1% de intensidade de infestação reduz em média 0,77% da produtividade, 0,25% de açúcar e 0,20% de Álcool (GALLO et al., 2002). Um dos métodos de controle utilizados é o uso de diferentes inseticidas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a influência de dois inseticidas no índice de infestação de broca. O experimento foi conduzido no Pólo do Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira (CTC) Goiás Norte em Goianésia GO, utilizando-se delineamento de Blocos casualizados com três repetições. Cada parcela foi composta por quatro linhas de plantas espaçadas com 1,5 m, com 100 metros de comprimento e 18 gemas por metro linear. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: T1 = Regente + Altacor + Prori Xtra nas dosagens recomendadas; T2 = duas vezes a dose recomendada de Altacor; T3: dose recomendada de Altacor; T4 = Regente + Altacor em dosagens recomendadas e T5 = Testemunha sem aplicação. Avaliou-se aos 60 dias após o plantio a intensidade de infestação (i.i) de coração morto e aos 90 dias o stand de plantas. Foi realizado ao fim do experimento a análise econômica com base nos custos de produção e produtividades. Os dados foram submetidos a analise variância pelo software estatístico Assistat. Para a intensidade de infestação, observou-se que o melhor tratamento foi o T4 frente aos demais com i.i. média de 0,66% enquanto o pior tratamento foi a testemunha com 4,35%. Quanto ao stand observou-se influência significativa apenas para o T1 sendo este tratamento o que apresentou maior número de plantas por hectare (média de 87.870). A análise econômica foi baseada nas revendas comerciais na Região de Goianésia em Abril de 2016, sendo que o custo de produção por hectare na região é de R$2500,00, onde o custo de aplicação foi de R$ 20,00/ha e a venda de tonelada da cana é em média R$ 51,00, diante deste exposto excluindo a testemunha o que teve menor custo de aquisição foi o Tratamento Alt. (Altacor na dose recomendada, apresentando ainda maior produtividade e maior retorno econômico, enquanto que Reg+Alt+PrioX é relativamente alto que se torna viável quando a produtividade for alta, porém a testemunha apresentou alto retorno econômico, mas é uma prática arriscada onde houver altas taxas de infestação de lagartas causadoras do “Coração Morto”

COVID-19 and Hypercoagulable State: A New Therapeutic Perspective

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