Fysisk prestation och matchkrav inom elitfotboll - Samband mellan smålagsspel och de mest intensiva perioder inom fotboll

De fysiska kraven hos elitfotbollsspelare är stora och såväl aerob som anaerob förmåga är viktiga för prestationen. Individuella skillnader i fysisk kapacitet spelare emellan är välkänt men individuell träningsplanering med lämplig belastning för att optimera spelares enskilda behov är inte lika väl studerat. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka sambandet mellan spelares matchkrav i fotboll i form av högintensiva perioder (peakperioder) och träningsrespons på smålagsspel. Vi har studerat individuella spelares högintensiva perioder i match, olika typer av smålagsspel (4v4, 6v6 och 8v8) och andra fysiska tester. Studien har en kvantitativ experimentell design där GPS-data i fotboll är analyserad. 17 elitfotbollsspelare (Ålder 23.7 ± 4.8 år, vikt 76.4 ± 4.8 kg, längd 181.1 ± 5.2 cm) från allsvenskan och superettan i svensk herrfotboll deltog i studien. Resultaten visar att olika typer av smålagsspel belastar spelarna på olika sätt, där vissa fysiska variabler har ett medel (>0.30) till stark korrelation (>0.70), medan andra variabler visar en svag (>0.10) till ingen korrelation (<0.10). Sambandet mellan fysiska tester och matchkrav i form av peakperioder visar att endast Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) kan ha en relevant användning för att förutse prestation i peakperioder. Information om vilken typ av smålagsspel som har vilken effekt och hur de belastar spelaren samt matchkrav på individ- och gruppnivå kan underlätta för tränaren vid utformning av träningsplanering. Slutligen krävs mer forskning inom området för att säkerhetsställa att tillämpningen av smålagsspel samt de fysiska testerna, gentemot matchkraven i form av peakperioder, blir så matchlik och optimal som möjligt

Deciphering neo-sex and B chromosome evolution by the draft genome of Drosophila albomicans

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Drosophila albomicans </it>is a unique model organism for studying both sex chromosome and B chromosome evolution. A pair of its autosomes comprising roughly 40% of the whole genome has fused to the ancient X and Y chromosomes only about 0.12 million years ago, thereby creating the youngest and most gene-rich neo-sex system reported to date. This species also possesses recently derived B chromosomes that show non-Mendelian inheritance and significantly influence fertility.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We sequenced male flies with B chromosomes at 124.5-fold genome coverage using next-generation sequencing. To characterize neo-Y specific changes and B chromosome sequences, we also sequenced inbred female flies derived from the same strain but without B's at 28.5-fold.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We assembled a female genome and placed 53% of the sequence and 85% of the annotated proteins into specific chromosomes, by comparison with the 12 <it>Drosophila genomes</it>. Despite its very recent origin, the non-recombining neo-Y chromosome shows various signs of degeneration, including a significant enrichment of non-functional genes compared to the neo-X, and an excess of tandem duplications relative to other chromosomes. We also characterized a B-chromosome linked scaffold that contains an actively transcribed unit and shows sequence similarity to the subcentromeric regions of both the ancient X and the neo-X chromosome.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results provide novel insights into the very early stages of sex chromosome evolution and B chromosome origination, and suggest an unprecedented connection between the births of these two systems in <it>D. albomicans</it>.</p

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Additional file 2: Table S2. of Transcriptome profiling reveals the genetic basis of alkalinity tolerance in wheat

Differentially expressed genes in SR4 after alkalinity stress. Total number of genes differentially up- and down-regulated in roots under 100 mM alkaline stress treatment compared with the sample without alkalinity stress (P < 0.05, q < 0.15). (XLS 1142 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Transcriptome profiling reveals the genetic basis of alkalinity tolerance in wheat

Statistics analysis of the six DGE tag libraries constructed from the seedling roots of JN177 and SR4 mapped to wheat genomic DNA sequences. (DOC 32 kb

Additional file 6: Table S6. of Transcriptome profiling reveals the genetic basis of alkalinity tolerance in wheat

Differentially expressed genes between SR4 and JN177 under non-alkalinity or alkalinity stress. (XLS 1230 kb

Additional file 7: Table S7. of Transcriptome profiling reveals the genetic basis of alkalinity tolerance in wheat

The primer sequences for qRT-PCR analysis. (XLS 40 kb

Additional file 5: Table S5. of Transcriptome profiling reveals the genetic basis of alkalinity tolerance in wheat

Differentially expressed genes at different time point of alkalinity treatment in JN177. (XLS 1417 kb

Characterization of a double Time-Of-Flight detector system for accurate velocity measurement in a storage ring using laser beams

The Isochronous Mass Spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful tool for mass measurements of exotic nuclei with half-lives as short as several tens of micro-seconds in storage rings. In order to improve the mass resolving power while preserving the acceptance of the storage ring, the IMS with two Time-Of-Flight (TOF) detectors has been implemented at the storage ring CSRe in Lanzhou, China. Additional velocity information beside the revolution time in the ring can be obtained for each of the stored ions by using the double TOF detector system. In this paper, we introduced a new method of using a 658 nm laser range finder and a short-pulsed ultra-violet laser to directly measure the distance and time delay difference between the two TOF detectors which were installed inside the $10^{-11}$ mbar vacuum chambers. The results showed that the distance between the two ultra-thin carbon foils of the two TOF detectors was ranging from 18032.5 mm to 18035.0 mm over a measurable area of 20$\times$20 mm$^2$. Given the measured distance, the time delay difference which comes with signal cable length difference between the two TOF detectors was measured to be $\Delta t_{delay1-2}=99$(26) ps. The new method has enabled us to use the speed of light in vacuum to calibrate the velocity of stored ions in the ring. The velocity resolution of the current double TOF detector system at CSRe was deduced to be $\sigma(v)/v=4.4\times 10^{-4}$ for laser light, mainly limited by the time resolution of the TOF detectors