Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Incidence of Intestinal Infectious Diseases due to Protozoa and Bacteria in Mexico: Analysis of National Surveillance Records from 2003 to 2012

Background. According to national epidemiological surveillance records, in Mexico six intestinal infectious diseases (IID) are among the top infectious communicable diseases. However, their incidence, relative importance, and spatial patterns have not been studied in detail. Aims. We examine the epidemiology of IID due to bacteria and protozoa to identify which diseases are most important at two spatial scales, what is their integrated importance locally, and how their incidence correlates with Human Development Index (HDI). Methods. We retrieved yearly number of new cases of eight IID from the national epidemiological morbidity report from 2003 to 2012 at the national level, by state, and to assess such information at a higher spatial resolution we included the municipalities for Mexico City. However, no comparisons were made to other municipalities due to unavailability of data. We compared incidence, obtained the disease-specific relative importance, and inspected spatial patterns for the integrated incidence. Finally, we tested whether HDI is correlated with incidence. Results. We found that, except for two diseases, the relative importance of the other six IID contrasted not only between the national level and Mexico City, but also among states and municipalities in Mexico City. Besides, at both scales the distribution of the incidence showed disease-specific spatial patterns. Finally, there was a lack of consistent correlation between HDI and individual IID at both scales. Conclusion. Our results emphasize the need for local disease-focused selective models for control and prevention of IID. The maps displaying our analyses of epidemiological similarities may be used in orienting such effort

Validity of cardiovascular risk prediction models in Latin America and among Hispanics in the United States of America: a systematic review Validez de los modelos de predicción del riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares en América Latina y en la población hispana en los Estados Unidos de América: una revisión sistemática

OBJECTIVE: To assess the use and validity of prediction models to estimate the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Latin America and among Hispanic populations in the United States of America. METHODS: This was a systematic review of three databases: Ovid MEDLINE (1 January 1950-15 April 2010), LILACS (1 January 1988-15 April 2010), and EMBASE (1 January 1988-15 April 2010). MeSH search terms and domains were related to CVD, prediction rules, Latin America (including the Caribbean), and Hispanics in the United States. Database searches were supplemented by correspondence with experts in the field. RESULTS: A total of 1 655 abstracts were identified, of which five cohorts with a total of 13 142 subjects met inclusion criteria. A Mexican cohort showed that the predicted/observed event-rate ratio for coronary heart disease (CHD) according to the Framingham risk score (FRS) was 1.68 (95% CI, 1.26-2.11); incident myocardial infarction, 1.36 (95% CI, 0.90-1.83); and CHD death, 1.21 (95% CI, 0.43-2.00). In Ecuador, a prediction model for CVD and total deaths in hypertensive patients had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72-0.86), while the World Health Organization method had an AUC of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.67-0.82). A study predicting mortality risk in people with Chagas' disease had an AUC of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.72-0.90). Among a United State s cohort that included Hispanics, FRS overestimated CVD risk for Hispanics with an AUC of 0.69. Another study in the United States that assessed FRS factors predicting CVD death among Mexican-Americans had an AUC of 0.78. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence regarding CVD risk prediction rules in Latin America or among Hispanics in the United States is modest at best. It is likely that the FRS overestimates CVD risk in Hispanics when not properly recalibrated.OBJETIVO: Evaluar el uso y la validez de los modelos de predicción para calcular el riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares en América Latina y en poblaciones hispanas en los Estados Unidos de América. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de tres bases de datos: Ovid MEDLINE (1 de enero de 1950 al 15 de abril del 2010), LILACS (1 de enero de 1988 al 15 de abril del 2010) y Embase (1 de enero de 1988 al 15 de abril del 2010). Los términos de búsqueda MeSH y los dominios se relacionaron con las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las reglas de predicción, América Latina (que incluye el Caribe) y los hispanos en los Estados Unidos. Las búsquedas en las bases de datos se complementaron con la opinión de expertos en el tema. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 1 655 resúmenes, de los cuales reunieron los criterios de inclusión cinco cohortes con un total de 13 142 sujetos. En una cohorte mexicana la razón entre las tasas de sucesos previstos y observados para la cardiopatía coronaria según la escala de valoración del riesgo de Framingham (FRS) fue 1,68 (IC de 95%, 1,26-2,11); para el infarto de miocardio nuevo, 1,36 (IC de 95%, 0,90-1,83); y para la muerte por cardiopatía coronaria, 1,21 (IC de 95%, 0,43-2,00). En el Ecuador, un modelo de predicción de defunción por enfermedades cardiovasculares y total en los pacientes hipertensos presentó un área bajo la curva (AUC) de 0,79 (IC de 95%, 0,72-0,86), mientras que el método de la Organización Mundial de la Salud mostró un AUC de 0,74 (IC de 95%, 0,67-0,82). Un estudio enfocado a predecir el riesgo de mortalidad en las personas con enfermedad de Chagas reveló un AUC de 0,81 (IC de 95%, 0,72-0,90). En una cohorte de los Estados Unidos que incluía población hispana, la FRS sobrestimó el riesgo de sufrir enfermedades cardiovasculares para los hispanos con un AUC de 0,69. Otro estudio realizado en los Estados Unidos en el que se evaluó los factores de la FRS que predecían la muerte debida a enfermedades cardiovasculares en estadounidenses de origen mexicano reveló un AUC de 0,78. CONCLUSIONES: Los datos relacionados con las reglas de predicción del riesgo de sufrir enfermedades cardiovasculares en América Latina o en la población hispana en los Estados Unidos son, en el mejor de los casos, limitados. Es probable que la FRS sobrestime el riesgo de sufrir enfermedades cardiovasculares en la población hispana cuando no se la recalibra de manera adecuada

Serotonin concentration, synthesis, cell origin, and targets in the rat caput epididymis during sexual maturation and variations associated with adult mating status: Morphological and biochemical studies

The caput epididymis of some mammals contains large quantities of serotonin whose origin, targets, and physiological variations have been poorly studied. We combined morphological and biochemical techniques to begin approaching these aspects of serotonin in the rat caput epididymis. Serotonin immunostaining was detected in mast, epithelial, and neuroendocrine cells. Epithelial cells displayed immunoreactivity to 5HT(1A), 5HT(2A), and 5HT(3) serotonin receptors. Endothelial and mast cells labeled positive for 5HT(1B) serotonin receptors and spermatozoa displayed 5HT2A and 5HT3 serotonin receptor immunoreactivity. Epithelial, endothelial, and mast cells stained positive for serotonin transporters. Only epithelial cells showed tryptophan hydroxylase immunoreactivity; this enzyme catalyzes the limiting step in the serotonin synthetic pathway. in addition, Western blot analyses of caput homogenates documented the presence of 2 protein bands (approximate to 51 kd and 48 kd) that were immunoreactive for tryptophan hydroxylase. Chromatographic analyses documented the presence of tryptophan hydroxylase in the caput, and showed that both its activity and serotonin availability increased with sexual maturation and decreased following p-chlorophenylalanine treatment, an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase activity. Interestingly, serotonin concentration and tryptophan hydroxylase activity tended to be higher in breeding males than in those with no mating experience. We think that these results support the existence of a local serotoninergic system in the rat caput epididymis that might regulate some aspects of male reproductive function.Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Biomed Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, Mexico City 04510, DF, MexicoUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Pharmacol, Sect Expt Endocrinol, São Paulo, BrazilNatl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Fac Sci, Dept Reprod Biol, Mexico City 04510, DF, MexicoXXI Century Natl Med Ctr, Unit Med Invest Neurol Dis, Mexico City, DF, MexicoUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Pharmacol, Sect Expt Endocrinol, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Incidence, Mortality, and Trends of Prostate Cancer in Mexico from 2000 to 2019: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

In 2019, the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) estimated that prostate cancer (PC) was the 16th most common cause of death globally in males. In Mexico, PC epidemiology has been studied by a number of metrics and over various periods, although without including the most up-to-date estimates. Herein, we describe and compare the burdens and trends of PC in Mexico and its 32 states from 2000 to 2019. For this study, we extracted online available data from the GBD 2019 to estimate the crude and age-standardized rates (ASR per 100,000 people) of the incidence and mortality of PC. In Mexico, PC caused 27.1 thousand (95% uncertainty intervals, 20.6–36.0 thousand) incident cases and 9.2 thousand (7.7–12.7 thousand) deaths in males of all ages in 2019. Among the states, Sinaloa had the greatest ASR of incidence, and Guerrero had the highest mortality. The burden of PC showed an increasing trend, although the magnitude of change differed between metrics and locations. We found both an increasing national trend and subnational variation in the burden of PC. Our results confirm the need for updated and timely estimates to design effective diagnostic and treatment campaigns in locations where the burden of PC is the highest