Pyridinium N-(2´-azinyl)aminides: Regioselective synthesis of N-(2-pyridyl) substituted polyamines

The regioselective alkylation of pyridinium-N-(2¿-pyridyl)aminide with alkyl dihalides under mild conditions, followed by N-N bond reduction of the corresponding bis-salts, allowed an easy preparation of N,N¿-bis(2-pyridyl)diamines. The same methodology has been applied to the synthesis of N,N¿,N¿-tris(2-pyridyl)triamines.The authors wish to thank the Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologı́a (CICYT-2FD97-1248) for financial support, and the Ministerio de Educación y Cultura (MEC) for a studentship (M. J. R.)

Antibioterapia inhalada en paciente con bronquiectasias pulmonares e infección bronquial

Las bronquiectasias pulmonares no debidas a la fibrosis quística son la tercera causa de enfermedad respiratoria crónica. Requieren un manejo integral del paciente y de sus comorbilidades. En los últimos años ha habido importantes avances con respecto al manejo y tratamiento de estos pacientes, con este trabajo pretendemos actualizar nuestro conocimiento sobre este tema a propósito de un caso. El tratamiento antibiótico inhalado es una herramienta que debemos utilizar en los pacientes con bronquiectasias pulmonares no debidas a fibrosis quística, ya que mejoran la sintomatología y la calidad de vida de los pacientes y disminuyen el número de exacerbaciones y la mortalidad.Non cystic fibrosis bronquiectasis are the third cause of chronic respiratory illness. They require a comprehensive management of the patient and its comorbidities. In the last few years, important advances in the management and treatment of these patients have been done, with this work we intend to update our knowledge on this topic in relation to a case. Inhaled antibiotic treatment is a tool that should be used in patients with non cystic fibrosis bronquiectasis,as they improve the symptoms and life quality of this patients and decrease the number of exacerbations and mortality

Anemia y gammapatía oligoclonal en paciente con síndrome nefrótico

Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form of presentation of Leishmania infection. It is a multisystemic disease that often affects immunosuppressed patients. We present a case of a 72-year-old woman in chronic immunosuppressive therapy with steroids and cyclosporine who debuts with weight loss, asthenia, atypical pneumonia, splenomegaly, and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia with the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis and amastigotes of Leishmania in the bone marrowLa leishmaniasis visceral es la forma de presentación más grave de la infección por Leishmania, se trata de una enfermedad multisistémica que afecta más frecuentemente a pacientes inmunodeprimidos. A continuación, presentamos un caso de una paciente de 72 años en tratamiento inmunosupresor crónico con corticoides y ciclosporina que debuta con pérdida de peso, astenia, neumonía atípica, esplenomegalia e hipergammaglobulinemia policlonal con diagnóstico de leishmaniasis visceral, al objetivarse en el aspirado de médula ósea amastigotes de Leishmania

Preparation and characterization of astaxanthin from microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis

La Astaxantina es un carotenoide perteneciente a la familia de las xantofilas por la presencia de oxígeno en su estructura química. Su uso se ha difundido en la industria farmacéutica y pecuaria, siendo la primera la que más potencial presenta debido a su uso como antioxidante. Existen diferentes fuentes para la obtención de astaxantina, sin embargo; en los últimos años ha tomado gran relevancia la obtención de esta biomolécula a partir de microorganismos fotosintéticos como las microalgas, las cuales pueden producir diferentes metabolitos aprovechando la energía solar y capturando el CO2 de la atmósfera. Se ha encontrado que la microalga Haematococcus pluvialis es una de las microalgas que mayor potencial presenta en la producción de astaxantina. Esta producción  se realiza bajo condiciones de estrés por represión de nutrientes, intensidades de luz, entre otros.  Debido a la importancia que reviste la astaxantina y su aprovechamiento a nivel industrial se han evaluado diferentes métodos para su extracción y cuantificación tales como: extracción con solvente, con fluidos supercríticos, cuantificación por HPLC con fase reversa acoplada a espectrofotometría de masas, siendo éstos los más desarrollados para este tipo biomolécula, la cual se ha cuantificado en el espectro UV/Visible por las características propias de la molécula, como son sus enlaces conjugados. Sin embargo, al tratarse de un carotenoide cada una de las metodologías de extracción y cuantificación deben ser evaluadas cuidadosamente con el fin de que ésta no sea degradada. El presente artículo presenta una breve descripción de los métodos más usado en la extracción y cuantificación de la astaxantina de H. pluvialis y las perspectivas de uso de esta biomolécula. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid belonging to the family of xanthophylls by the presence of oxygen in their chemical structure. Use is widespread in the pharmaceutical industry and pisciculture, with the first presents the greatest potential because of its use as an antioxidant. There are different sources for obtaining astaxanthin, however; in recent years has become very important to obtain this biomolecule from photosynthetic microorganisms such as microalgae, which can produce different metabolites using solar energy and capturing CO2 from the atmosphere. It has found that the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis is one of the microalgae has the greatest potential in the production of astaxanthin. This production is performed under conditions of stress by suppressing nutrients, light intensity, and others. Because of the importance which is of astaxanthin and its use at industrial level have been evaluated different methods for extraction and quantification of such as solvent extraction, supercritical fluid, quantification by reverse phase HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry, with the most often developed for this type biomolecule, which has quantified in the UV /Visible by the characteristics of the molecule, as are their conjugated bonds. However, being a carotenoid each of the methods of extraction and quantification must be carefully evaluated in order that it not degraded. This article presents a brief description of the methods used in the extraction and quantification of astaxanthin H. pluvialis and prospects for use of this biomolecule

Síndrome de Lady Windermere

Lady Windermere syndrome was defined more than 20 years ago by Reich and Johnson who used this term to describe pulmonary infection by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) limited to the middle lobe and/or lingula. We present a case of a 95-year-old woman, with no history of known pulmonary disease, presenting with constitutional syndrome and chronic cough, diagnosed with MAC infection in these areas.El síndrome de Lady Windermere fue definido hace más de 20 años por Reich y Johnson, quienes utilizan este término para describir la infección pulmonar por Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) limitada al lóbulo medio y/o a la língula. Presentamos un caso de una mujer de 95 años, sin antecedentes de enfermedad pulmonar conocida, que presenta síndrome constitucional y tos crónica, con diagnostico de infección por MAC en estas áreas

Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Perianal Fistula in Crohn’s Disease

[Aim] To assess clinical healing in patients with perianal Crohn’s disease with local intrafistular injection of autologous platelet-rich plasma.[Method] The pilot study was conducted at a single centre between January 2013 and December 2015. Autologous platelet-rich plasma was prepared in platelet-rich and platelet-poor fractions for local intrafistular injection in patients with proven, established perianal Crohn’s disease. Patients were permitted biological therapies, and the Perianal Crohn’s Disease Activity Index was recorded. Patients were followed for 48 weeks for clinical signs of healing (complete, partial or non-healing), monitoring fistula drainage, closure and epithelialization.[Results] The study included 29 patients (19 males; mean age 38 ± 12.8 years) with four exclusions in the operating room because surgery was not indicated and four lost to follow-up. Five adverse events were recorded, with two requiring the drainage of abscess collections. Of the 21 patients assessable at 24 weeks, there was complete healing, partial healing and non-healing in 7 (33.3%), 8 (38.1%) and 6 (28.6%) patients, respectively. By 48 weeks, there was complete healing, partial healing and non-healing in 6 (40%), 6 (40%) and 3 (20%) patients, respectively, with a reduction in the number of visible external fistula openings at both time points (P = 0.021). By the end of the study, there was a higher trend of healing if biological therapies were continued (85.7% with biologics vs. 75% without, P = 0.527), but there were no statistically significant differences and no differences in the Perianal Crohn’s Disease Activity Index.[Conclusion]Autologous platelet-rich plasma is safe in patients with perianal Crohn’s disease, with an acceptable healing rate over a medium-term follow-up, particularly if biological therapies are used concomitantly

Gut colonization and subsequent infection of neonates caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae

The gut microbiota harbors diverse bacteria considered reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance genes. The global emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) significantly contributes to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). We investigated the presence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-PEco) and ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-PKpn) in neonatal patients’ guts. Furthermore, we identified the factors contributing to the transition towards ESBL-PEco and ESBL-PKpn-associated healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The study was conducted from August 2019 to February 2020, in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. Rectal samples were obtained upon admission, on a weekly basis for a month, and then biweekly until discharge from the neonatology ward. Clinical data, culture results, and infection information were gathered. We conducted antimicrobial tests, multiplex PCR assay, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile and genetic relationships. A comparison between the group’s controls and cases was performed using the Wilcoxon and Student t-tests. Of the 61 patients enrolled, 47 were included, and 203 rectal samples were collected, identifying 242 isolates. In 41/47 (87%) patients, colonization was due to ESBL-PEco or ESBL-PKpn. And nine of them developed HAIs (22%, 9/41). ESBL-PEco resistance to cephalosporins ranged from 25.4% to 100%, while ESBL-PKpn resistance varied from 3% to 99%, and both bacteria were susceptible to carbapenems, tigecillin, and colistin. The prevalent blaCTX-M-group-1 gene accounted for 77.2% in ESBL-PEco and 82.2% in ESBL-PKpn, followed by blaTEM 50% and blaOXA-1 43.8% in ESBL-PEco and blaTEM 80.2% and blaSHV 76.2% in ESBL-PKpn. Analysis of clonality revealed identical colonizing and infection isolates in only seven patients. Significant risk factors included hospital stay duration, duration of antibiotic treatment, and invasive device usage. Our findings suggest high ESBL-PEco and ESBL-PKpn rates of colonization often lead to infection in neonates. Attention should be paid to patients with ESBL-PE

Temporal distribution and genetic variants in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulating in Mexico, seasons 2012 and 2013

The 2012 and 2013 annual influenza epidemics in Mexico were characterized by presenting different seasonal patterns. In 2012 the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus caused a high incidence of influenza infections after a two-year period of low circulation; whereas the 2013 epidemic presented circulation of the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus throughout the year. We have characterized the molecular composition of the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) genes of the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus from both epidemic seasons, emphasizing the genetic characteristics of viruses isolated from Yucatan in Southern Mexico. The molecular analysis of viruses from the 2012 revealed that all viruses from Mexico were predominantly grouped in clade 7. Strikingly, the molecular characterization of viruses from 2013 revealed that viruses circulating in Yucatan were genetically different to viruses from other regions of Mexico. In fact, we identified the occurrence of two genetic variants containing relevant mutations at both the HA and NA surface antigens. There was a difference on the temporal circulation of each genetic variant, viruses containing the mutations HA-A141T / NA-N341S were detected in May, June and July; whereas viruses containing the mutations HA-S162I / NAL206S circulated in August and September. We discuss the significance of these novel genetic changes

Technological Development of Priority Tourist Destinations and Maging Towns

This work is intended to be of support and utility for the Ministry of Tourism in Mexico, so that they can build a future SWOT evaluation of tourist destinations. As well, for those who are interested in areas related to the topics presented in this handbook.It presents the development of incorporate indicators of the Priority Tourist Destinations and Magic Towns of Mexico, derived from Sectorial Project 242853 called Development of Information Systems for the Management of the Tourist Destinations of Mexico, where the analysis of the Project is detailed, until the Achievement of the technological innovation generated, through an Information System.Mexico is a country which has as one of its strengths, cultural and natural resources in each of its states, municipalities and localities. Customs, traditions, gastronomy, ceremonial centers, archeological zones, waterfalls, the abundance in flora and fauna; so describe each of its wonders. These resources require laws and regulations to protect and maintain them, to improve infrastructure, to be sustainable, and attractive to national and international tourism without being damaged or that the inhabitants of those places are benefited by the generation of jobs, social security among others. Balancing all the factors involved is an arduous task and requires studies such as those carried out by various governmental and educational institutions, the private sector among others. In the next work to be published called "Compendium of tourist indicators of priority tourist destinations and magical towns", the analysis of variables and indicators of Priority Tourist Destinations is analyzed, taking as reference various guidelines, standards and information sources as The National Development Plan (NDP) 2013-2018, Tourism Sector Program 2013-2018 (TSP), Identification of Tourism Potentials in Regions and Municipalities (Fascicle 8), Competitiveness Agendas of Mexico's Tourist Destinations, (IMCO), the World Economic Forum (WEF), the Alliance for Excellence in Tourism (EXCELTUR), ITESM, the Guide for Incorporation and Permanence of the Magic Towns of the Tourism Secretaríat (Sectur) with the analysis for the automation of the evaluation of the Magic Towns, INEGI, DATATUR, DENUE among others. As a result of this in-depth analysis, we reach a concentration of 2610 indicators, which are found in an indicator matrix, which can be structured in a hierarchy with a level three depth (Component, subcomponent, factor and indicator). It is necessary to reduce these indicators, so that they identify and select those that have the greatest impact on the observation of tourism development of the destination, taking into account the sustainability, competitiveness, potential and tourism performance of priority tourist destinations and magic towns. The selection of these indicators is done with an affinity diagram or K-J method (Kawakita Jiro), which allows SWOT analysis of the CAs of priority tourist destinations and magic towns and the matrix of the 2610 indicators. This work is intended to be of support and utility for the Ministry of Tourism in Mexico, so that they can build a future SWOT evaluation of tourist destinations. As well, for those who are interested in areas related to the topics presented in this handbook.It presents the development of incorporate indicators of the Priority Tourist Destinations and Magic Towns of Mexico, derived from Sectorial Project 242853 called Development of Information Systems for the Management of the Tourist Destinations of Mexico, where the analysis of the Project is detailed, until the Achievement of the technological innovation generated, through an Information System.CONACY

Magazine of the Faculty of Education. Volume 2 No. 3 November 1986

Entre las acciones tendientes a mejorar cada día la formación de los educadores preescolares, la facultad ha considerado que su revista debe constituirse en el medio de la comunicación más eficaz entre los diferentes estamentos que se relacionan con la educación infantil.Presentación.- Facultad de Educación.- Nuestra facultad.- El niño.- Investigación en educación.- Educación sexual para el nivel pre-escolar.- Estudio del comportamiento agresivo.- Modelos pedagógicos y formación de maestros.- El circulo del tiempo y los maestros.- Grandes educadores.- Culturales y eventos.- Tercer congreso nacional de educación preescolar.- Eventos científicos.- Experiencias pedagógicas.- Experiencias didácticas.- Una experiencia con mis alumnas.- Bibliografía.-Among the actions aimed at improving the training of preschool educators every day, the faculty has considered that its magazine should become the most effective means of communication between the different levels that are related to early childhood education.Modalidad Presencia