Enfrentarse o no: la percepción del acoso sexual por parte de la mujer

Current research has postulated that sexual harassment is one of the most serious social problems. Perceptions of sexual harassment vary according to some factors: gender, context, and perceiver’s ideology. The strategies most commonly used by women to cope with harassment range from avoiding or ignoring the harasser to confronting the harasser or reporting the incident. The aim of this study was to explore women’s perception of sexual harassment, and to assess the implications of different victim responses to harassment. A total of 138 women were administered a questionnaire where the type of harassment, and victim response were manipulated. Moreover, the influence of ideological variables (i.e. ambivalent sexism and the acceptance of myths of sexual harassment) on perception was assessed. Results show perception of sexual harassment was lower in gender harassment than in unwanted sexual attention and participants believed women who confronted their harasser would be evaluated negatively by men. Furthermore, effects of ideology on perception of harassment were found. The results underscore the complexities involved in defining certain behaviours as harassment, and the implications of different victim responses to harassment.La investigación actual postula que el acoso sexual es uno de los problemas sociales más graves. La percepción de acoso varía de acuerdo a factores como: género, contexto e ideología del perceptor. Las estrategias más utilizadas por las mujeres para hacer frente al acoso van desde evitar o ignorar al acosador hasta enfrentarse a él o denunciarlo. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la percepción de las mujeres sobre el acoso sexual, y evaluar las implicaciones de las diferentes respuestas de las víctimas de acoso. A 138 mujeres se les administró un cuestionario en el que el tipo de acoso y la respuesta de la víctima, fueron manipulados. Además, se evaluó la influencia del sexismo ambivalente y la aceptación de los mitos de acoso sexual en la percepción. Los resultados muestran que la percepción de acoso sexual fue menor en el acoso de género que en la atención sexual no deseada y las participantes creen que las mujeres que confrontan el acoso serán evaluadas negativamente por los hombres. Además, se encontraron efectos de la ideología sobre la percepción de acoso. Los resultados ponen de relieve las complejidades involucradas en la definición de ciertos comportamientos como el acoso y las implicaciones de las diferentes respuestas a las víctimas de acoso.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness with the R&D projects “Sexist ideology and power inequality in the development and maintenance of Sexual Harassment” (PSI2011-29720) and “Psychosocial analysis of sexual harassment: new ways and contexts” (PSI2014-59200-R) by Grant SEJ-6225 “Psychosocial analysis of legitimacy and prejudice in the maintenance of asymmetrical social relationships” from the Andalusian Regional Govemment

Spanish Adaptation of the Illinois Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance

Sexual harassment is among the most serious forms of gender violence, and what all violent acts have in common are the many myths associated with them. Three studies were conducted to adapt a Spanish version of the Illinois Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance (ISHMA) scale, which assesses myths about sexual harassment. The first study aimed to, for the first time, present psychometric data on the Spanish version of the ISHMA. The participants were 339 college students. After adapting the items and measuring their content validity, we examined the test’s dimensional structure, statistically analyzed the items, and determined the instrument’s reliability (α = .91 for the total scale and between .77 and .84 for the different dimensions). Study 2 involved 326 adult participants from the general population and its objective was to evaluate the scale’s dimensional structure through confirmatory factor analysis (χ2 143 = 244.860, p < .001; GFI = .952; CFI = .958; RMSEA = .034 [.026 – .041]). The third study was conducted in order to measure convergent validity in both students and adults from the general population. Differences by gender were found in all dimensions being the females’ means higher than males (Cohen´s d between .38 and .62). Our findings suggest the Spanish version of the ISHMA is a useful instrument to study myths about sexual harassment.Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia for the R&D project ‘Sexist ideology and power inequality in the development and maintenance of Sexual Harassment’ (Ref. PSI2011–29720)Project of Excellence of the Junta de Andalucía ‘Psychosocial analysis of legitimacy and prejudice in the maintenance of asymmetrical social relationships’ (Ref. SEJ-6225)Grant from the FPU (AP2009–2940) Program of the Spanish Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte given to the second author

¿Es lo bello siempre tan bueno? Influencia del atractivo físico en la percepción social del acoso sexual

Research has shown that the perception of sexual harassment depends on factors such as gender, the situational context, the type of harassment, the ideology of the perceiver, the physical attractiveness of the harasser and victim and the relationship between them. This study focuses on examining the influence of physical attractiveness in the perception of a situation like sexual harassment. Through a questionnaire, 205 participants read a scenario in which a male worker (attractive vs. unattractive) engaged in gender harassment against a female colleague (attractive vs. unattractive). The participants then answered the measurements on the perception of harassment, responsibility, motivation and ideology. The main results were that the situation was more often perceived as sexual harassment when the victim of the harassment was physically attractive than when she was unattractive. Furthermore, the higher the participants’ acceptance of harassment myths the more they tended to blame the victim. We can conclude from this study the importance of the influence of certain myths or preconceived ideas about sexual harassment, which are found in both men and women, on how these situations are perceived.La investigación ha mostrado que la percepción sobre el acoso sexual depende de factores tales como el género, el contexto situacional, el tipo de acoso, la ideología del perceptor, el atractivo físico de acosador y víctima, o la relación entre ambos. El presente trabajo se centra en examinar la influencia del atractivo físico en la percepción de una situación como acoso sexual. A través de un cuestionario, 205 participantes leyeron un escenario en el que un trabajador (Atractivo vs. No atractivo) realizaba hacia una compañera (Atractiva vs. No atractiva) un comportamiento de acoso de género. A continuación, contestaban las medidas de percepción de acoso, responsabilidad, motivación e ideológicas. Los principales resultados fueron que la situación se percibe como acoso sexual en mayor medida cuando la acosada se presenta como físicamente atractiva que cuando ésta no es atractiva. Además, cuanta mayor es la aceptación de los mitos hacia el acoso por parte de los participantes, en mayor medida se responsabiliza a la víctima. De este estudio se desprende la importancia de la influencia de ciertos mitos o ideas preconcebidas sobre el acoso sexual, presentes tanto en hombres como en mujeres, en la percepción de tales situaciones.proyecto I+D denominado ‘Ideología sexista y diferencias de poder en el origen y mantenimiento del acoso sexual (Ref. PSI2011–29720) subvencionado por el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia para el proyectoproyecto de Excelencia denominado ´Análisis psicosocial de la legitimidad y el prejuicio en el mantenimiento de las relaciones sociales desiguales (Ref. SEJ-6225) subvencionado por la Junta de Andalucíabeca de Formación de Profesorado Universitario FPU (AP2009–2940) subvencionada por el Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deport

Sexting durante el confinamiento en España: prevalencia, motivaciones y variables predictoras

SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the mandatory isolation of the entire population, reducing the opportunities for casual sexual encounters or between partners who do not live together. However, it is plausible to assume that other forms of sexual contact like sexting are occurring. This research aimed to analyse the behaviours and motivations to engage in sexting and to examine some predictors of mental health and loneliness that could be associated with sexting during confinement. The sample consisted of 510 participants: 280 emerging adults and 230 adults. The results showed higher prevalence of sexting behaviours among emerging adults (vs. adults) and among males (vs. females). Moreover, emerging adults reported more motivations to engage in sexting. Finally, the analysis revealed that loneliness would predict engagement in sexting by emerging adults. These findings could have implications for the implementation of sexual education programmes aimed at achieving adequate social interactions associated with sexting.El SARS-CoV-2 ocasionó el aislamiento obligatorio de toda la población, reduciendo las oportunidades de las relaciones se-xuales casuales o entre parejas no convivientes. No obstante, es viable asumir que se están produciendo otras formas de contacto sexual, como el sexting. El propósito de esta investigación fue analizar los comportamientos y motivaciones involucradas en el sexting y examinar algunos predictores de salud mental y soledad que podrían estar asociados con el sexting durante el confinamiento. La muestra consistió en 510 participantes: 280 jóvenes y 230 adultos. Los resultados mostraron una mayor prevalencia de comportamientos de sexting entre los jóvenes (frente a los adultos), y entre los hombres (frente a las mujeres). Más aún, los jóvenes reportaron más motivaciones para practicar el sexting. Finalmente, el análisis revela que la soledad sería un factor de predicción para la participación de los jóvenes en el sexting. Estos hallazgos podrían tener implicaciones para la puesta en práctica de programas de educación sexual destinados a alcanzar interacciones sociales adecuadas relacionadas con el sexting.Consejeria de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía [Ref.B-SEJ-472-UGR18]

Multiband PSInSAR and long-period monitoring of land subsidence in a strategic detrital aquifer (Vega de Granada, SE Spain): An approach to support management decisions

This work integrates detailed geological and hydrogeological information with PSI data to obtain a better understanding of subsidence processes detected in the detrital aquifer of the Vega de Granada (SE Spain) during the past 13 years. Ground motion was monitored by exploiting SAR images from the ENVISAT (2003–2009), Cosmo-SkyMed (2011–2014) and Sentinel-1A (2015–2016) satellites. PSInSAR results show an inelastic deformation in the aquifer and small land surface displacements (up to −55 mm). The most widespread land subsidence is detected during the ENVISAT period (2003–2009), which coincided with a long, dry period in the region. The highest displacement rates recorded during this period (up to 10 mm/yr) were detected in the central part of the aquifer, where many villages are located. For this period, there is a good correlation between groundwater level depletion and the augmentation of the average subsidence velocity and slight hydraulic head changes (<2 m) have a rapid ground motion response. The Cosmo-SkyMed period (2011–2014) coincided with a rainy period, and the land subsidence is only concentrated in some points. Rates of average subsidence up to 11.5 mm/yr are obtained for this period and are anthropogenic in origin, being related to earthmoving works. During the Sentinel-1A monitoring period (2015–2016) most of the region showed no deformation, except for some points of unknown origin in the NE sector. A general conclusion is that there is a clear lithological control in the spatial distribution of ground subsidence; all the subsiding areas detected are located where a higher clay content was identified. Although the SE sector of the aquifer had more intense groundwater exploitation, no land subsidence processes were detected, as coarse-grained sediments predominate in the substratum. This research will contribute to the drawing-up of a management plan for the sustainable use of this strategic aquifer, taking into account critical levels of groundwater depletion to avoid land subsidence in the areas identified as vulnerable. The European Space Agency satellite Sentinel-1A could be an effective decision-making tool in the near future.Unidad de Granada, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, EspañaGeohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, EspañaDepartamento de Geodinámica, Universidad de Granada, EspañaCentre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya, Españ

Guía para la introducción de la perspectiva de género en la docencia de la Universidad Pablo de Olavide

Universidad Pablo de Olavid

Complement component C4 structural variation and quantitative traits contribute to sex-biased vulnerability in systemic sclerosis

Altres ajuts: Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), "A way of making Europe".Copy number (CN) polymorphisms of complement C4 play distinct roles in many conditions, including immune-mediated diseases. We investigated the association of C4 CN with systemic sclerosis (SSc) risk. Imputed total C4, C4A, C4B, and HERV-K CN were analyzed in 26,633 individuals and validated in an independent cohort. Our results showed that higher C4 CN confers protection to SSc, and deviations from CN parity of C4A and C4B augmented risk. The protection contributed per copy of C4A and C4B differed by sex. Stronger protection was afforded by C4A in men and by C4B in women. C4 CN correlated well with its gene expression and serum protein levels, and less C4 was detected for both in SSc patients. Conditioned analysis suggests that C4 genetics strongly contributes to the SSc association within the major histocompatibility complex locus and highlights classical alleles and amino acid variants of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DPB1 as C4-independent signals

Construcción de la ética asistencial del cuidar en urgencias y emergencias

Esta tesis doctoral recoge un trabajo etnográfico en torno a la práctica asistencial en dos espacios concretos, como son los servicios de urgencias y los de emergencias en Tarragona. Con un fin, conocer como se construye la ética asistencial y analizar los problemas éticos; así como otras cuestiones que se derivan de la práctica que pueden ser consideradas dentro del amplio mundo de la bioética. Se han utilizado como principales técnicas de investigación cualitativa la entrevista en profundidad, el grupo focal y las narrativas en un grupo de 16 enfermeras, 6 médicos y un paciente. La investigación se centra en las experiencias de los profesionales sanitarios que intervienen en la misma y especialmente de enfermeras y enfermeros, de las cuales se exploran los diferentes modos de articulación de las prácticas desde una perspectiva ética, para conocer la racionalidad dominante en los procesos de toma de decisiones éticas en situaciones de cuidados, cuando la persona se encuentra en una situación de urgencia o emergencia. Podemos concluir, que la asistencia sanitaria actual, en estas situaciones, responde al modelo médico hegemónico, pero existen voces que pueden legitimar dentro del sistema nuevas posibilidades de entender y practicar una medicina y una enfermería donde se reconozcan todas las dimensiones de la personas sin considerarlos cuerpos fragmentados.La tesis se concluye con propuestas de nuevas líneas de investigación, con el fin de desarrollarlas y poder introducir así cambios en las relaciones asistenciales, tanto a nivel interprofesional, como entre profesionales y personas que hacen uso de los servicios sanitarios, que permitan adaptarse a las nuevas tendencias, tanto socio-culturales, jurídicas, éticas o humanísticas.This dissertation takes an ethnographic work around care practice in two specific areas, such as emergency departments and emergency ambulance in Tarragona. With an end, know how to build the ethics of care and analyze ethical issues as well as other issues arising from the practice that can be considered within the broader world of bioethics.Were used as the main techniques of qualitative research depth interviews, focus group and narratives in a group of 16 nurses, 6 doctors and a patient. The research focuses on the experiences of health professionals involved in it and especially nurses, of which explores different modes of articulation of the practices from an ethical perspective, to know the dominant rationality in the process of ethical decisions in care situations where the person is in an urgent situation or emergency. We conclude that the current health care in these situations, responds to the dominant medical model, but there are voices within the system can legitimize new possibilities of understanding and practice medicine and nursing which recognize all dimensions of the people without considering fragmented bodies.The thesis concludes with proposals for new lines of investigation, in order to develop and to allow changes in relationships and care, both within the trade, as between professionals and people who use health services, which can adapt to the new trends, both socio-cultural, legal, ethical and humanistic. Keywords: Care, Ethics, Bioethics, Nursing and Anthropolog

Stop Harassment! Men’s reactions to victims’ confrontation

Sexual harassment is one of the most widespread forms of gender violence. Perceptions of sexual harassment depend on gender, context, the perceivers’ ideology, and a host of other factors. Research has underscored the importance of coping strategies in raising a victim’s self-confidence by making her feel that she plays an active role in overcoming her own problems. The aim of this study was to assess the men’s perceptions of sexual harassment in relation to different victim responses. The study involved 101 men who were administered a questionnaire focusing on two of the most frequent types of harassment (gender harassment vs. unwanted sexual attention) and victim response (confrontation vs. non confrontation), both of which were manipulated. Moreover, the influences of ideological variables, ambivalent sexism, and the acceptance of myths of sexual harassment on perception were also assessed. The results highlight the complexities involved in recognizing certain behaviors as harassment and the implications of different victim responses to incidents of harassment. As the coping strategies used by women to confront harassment entail drawbacks that pose problems or hinder them, the design and implementation of prevention and/or education programs should strive to raise awareness among men and women to further their understanding of this construct.El acoso sexual es una de las formas más generalizadas de violencia de género. Las percepciones sobre el acoso sexual dependen de factores tales como el género, el contexto y la ideología del perceptor, entre otros. La investigación ha mostrado la importancia que tiene el afrontamiento de la víctima en su nivel de confianza, haciendo que sienta de esta manera que tiene un papel relevante en la solución del problema. El objetivo de este estudio fue indagar en la percepción que los hombres tienen acerca del acoso sexual y de las distintas medidas usadas como respuesta por parte de la víctima. Participaron en el estudio 101 hombres que contestaron un cuestionario en el que se manipulaban dos de los tipos de acoso más frecuentes (acoso de género vs. atención sexual no deseada) así como la respuesta de la víctima (confrontación vs. no confrontación). También se estudió la influencia en dicha percepción de variables ideológicas como el sexismo ambivalente y la aceptación de los mitos sobre el acoso sexual. Los resultados resaltan la dificultad de reconocer determinados comportamientos como acoso, así como las posibles consecuencias que puede sufrir la víctima en función de la respuesta que dé a estas situaciones de acoso. Las estrategias usadas por las mujeres para afrontar el acoso parecen presentar algún obstáculo o problema para ellas, por lo que se hace necesaria la implantación de programas preventivos y/o educativos con el fin de enseñar a hombres y mujeres a comprender mejor el constructo.Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad with the R&D project “Ideología sexista y differencias de poder en el origen y mantenimiento del acoso sexual” (Ref. PSI2011-29720)grant from the FPU (AP2009- 2940) Program of the Spanish Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte given to the second author