Adaptive Responses of \u3cem\u3eBrachiaria\u3c/em\u3e Grasses to Hypoxia Stress

It is likely that oxygen shortage in waterlogged soils is the most limiting factor for plant growth, restricting root aerobic respiration and ATP production (Vartapetian and Jackson 1997). When oxygen becomes limiting for oxidative phosphorylation, plant cells depend on alternative metabolic pathways to produce ATP (Rocha et al. 2010). The induction of fermentative metabolism is considered of adaptive value to maintain ATP production under oxygen-limited conditions. Ethanol is the main end product of fermentation metabolism in plants. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is a key enzyme in ethanolic fermentation. Roots can sustain aerobic respiration under oxygen deficiency if aerenchyma is present. Aerenchyma commonly refers to tissue containing air-filled spaces that provide oxygen un-der oxygen-limited conditions (Colmer and Voesenek 2009). The main objective of the present study was to determine morpho-physiological adaptive responses of seven Brachiaria genotypes to hypoxia stress

The Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris/Cicer arietinum pathosystem: a case study of the evolution of plantpathogenic fungi into races and pathotypes

The use of resistant cultivars is one of the most practical and costefficient strategies for managing plant diseases. However, the efficiency of resistant cultivars in disease management is limited by pathogenic variability in pathogen populations. Knowledge of the evolutionary history and potential of the pathogen population may help to optimize the management of disease-resistance genes, irrespective of the breeding strategy used for their development. In this review, we examine the diversity in virulence phenotypes of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of chickpeas, analyze the genetic variability existing within and among those phenotypes, and infer a phylogenetic relationship among the eight known pathogenic races of this fungus. The inferred intraspecific phylogeny shows that each of those races forms a monophyletic lineage. Moreover, virulence of races to resistant chickpea cultivars has been acquired in a simple stepwise pattern, with few parallel gains or losses. Although chickpea cultivars resistant to Fusarium wilt are available, they have not yet been extensively deployed, so that the stepwise acquisition of virulence is still clearly evident. [Int Microbiol 2004; 7(2):95–104

Ultradiscrete kinks with supersonic speed in a layered crystal with realistic potentials

We develop a dynamical model of the propagating nonlinear localized excitations, supersonic kinks, in the cation layer in a silicate mica crystal. We start from purely electrostatic Coulomb interaction and add the Ziegler-Biersack-Littmark short-range repulsive potential and the periodic potential produced by other atoms of the lattice. This approach allows the construction of supersonic kinks which can propagate in the lattice within a large range of energies and velocities. The interparticle distances in the lattice kinks with high energy are physically reasonable values. The introduction of the periodic lattice potential results in the important feature that the kinks propagate with a single velocity and a single energy which are independent on the excitation conditions. The found kinks are ultra-discrete and can be described with the "magic wave number" $q\simeq 2\pi/3a$, which was previously revealed in the nonlinear sinusoidal waves and supersonic kinks in the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattice. The extreme discreteness of the supersonic kinks, with basically two particles moving at the same time, allows the interpretation of their double-kink structure. The energy of the supersonic kinks is between the possible source of $^{40}$K recoil in beta decay and the energy necessary for the ejection of an atom at the border as has been found experimentally.Comment: 14 pages, 15 figure

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS THE ANDEAN CONDOR (Vultur gryphus LINNAEUS, 1758) IN THE CENTRAL ANDES OF COLOMBIA

Despite its cultural importance as a key component of the Andean landscape, some perceptions of rural inhabitants towards the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758) persist, as they relate to the possible predation of domestic animals such as sheep and cattle. These perceptions are compounded by only a basic knowledge of the natural history of the species and have resulted in the historical persecution of the condors by the local peasant communities. We studied the variation of traditional knowledge about the Andean condor diet; comparing responses of adult women and adult men and adults and young people. We described the perceptions of rural farmers towards V. gryphus in Caldas and Tolima, Central Andes of Colombia. Adult men demonstrated a more detailed knowledge of the types of food of V. gryphus compared to adult women; but both adult men and women responded more accurately than both sexes of young people. Overall, the perceptions towards the condors were mostly positive. It is likely that the greater knowledge of adult men corresponds to the time they spend outdoors tending their crops and animals, while the younger generation receive their information through popular media, such as television, magazines and books, as well as educational materials. It is important to incorporate the gender perspective into conservation initiatives and educational programs to effectively protect the remaining endangered populations of condors in Colombia

El Instituto Universitario de Urbanística (1991-2021): construcción de una cultura de investigación

[EN] The Instituto Universitario de Urbanística (IUU) (University Institute of Urban Planning) of the Universidad de Valladolid was founded in 1991 and it is the only one of its kind in the Spanish territory. Throughout those three decades of existence, the research group Planificación territorial y urbanística (IUU_Lab) (Territorial and Urban Planning) has developed, as the driving force of the institute, a very diversified activity that this article seeks to analyse and show synthetically, inserted in the urban development in Spain since the 1980s. The study of the scientific production that has marked the group s trajectory as well as the disciplinary influences it has received, allows the authors to characterise four main fields of knowledge construction and disciplinary reflection: reformist urban planning, urban-territorial planning, urban regeneration, and rural environment. The whole analysis developed reveals, on the one hand, some links established between certain problems of Spanish urbanism and research in Urban and Territorial Planning; and, on the other hand, the validity of an epistemological vision of Urban Planning understood as a knowledge of interdisciplinary nature and practical orientation, nurtured by a historical conscience.[ES] El Instituto Universitario de Urbanística (IUU) de la Universidad de Valladolid, único en su género en el territorio español, fue fundado en 1991. En esas tres décadas de existencia, el grupo de investigación Planificación territorial y urbanística (IUU_Lab) ha desarrollado, como motor del instituto, una actividad muy diversificada que este artículo busca analizar y mostrar sintéticamente, inserta en el devenir urbanístico en España desde la década de 1980. El estudio de la producción científica que ha jalonado la trayectoria del grupo y de las influencias disciplinares que ha recibido permite a los autores caracterizar cuatro campos principales de construcción de conocimiento y reflexión disciplinar: la Urbanística reformista, la planificación urbanoterritorial,la regeneración urbana, y el medio rural. Del conjunto del análisis desarrollado se desprenden, por un lado, algunos vínculos establecidos entre determinados problemas del urbanismo español y la investigación en Urbanística y Ordenación del Territorio; y, por otro lado, la vigencia de una visión epistemológica de la Urbanística entendida como un saber de naturaleza interdisciplinar y orientación práctica, nutrida por una consciencia histórica.Castrillo Romón, MA.; Jiménez Jiménez, M.; De Las Rivas Sanz, JL. (2022). The Instituto Universitario de Urbanística (1991-2021): building a research culture. VLC arquitectura. Research Journal. 9(2):217-248. https://doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2022.177642172489

“Zombie attack” a new way to teach Chemistry

The Higher Education requires new models which allow training people able to adapt and survive in changing environments. It is based on the use of technologies and the adaptation of knowledge to people. It is about an education according to circumstances, which is adapted to context and virtual behaviour of people. One of the main difficulties that lecturers find in the classroom is how to maintain students' attention and interest in their subject, especially when students also think that the subject is not important for their training. In order to motivate these students, innovation in educational techniques and methodologies, such as experiential learning, are progressively being imposed to and/or coordinated with the traditional ones. Escape Room is a very modern concept in education, based on the development of mental skills for the solution of enigmas and problems. It is a tool to develop the cooperative, cognitive, deductive and logical reasoning skills of the students. In this work, an educational gamification experience based on the escape room concept is presented. The students have 1 hour and 30 minutes to carry out this activity. They will have to solve four puzzles and enigmas that will give them the key to open a treasure chest and finally let them escape from the classroom. Logic, ingenuity and teamwork will allow participants to develop not only chemical competence, but also other basic skills. The story that is told throughout the escape room is a zombie attack: the city has been infected (with a virus) and only the occupants of the room where the activity takes place have not been infected. In addition, they can all protect themselves if they are able to open the chest where the antidote is located. The aim of this activity is to enhance the knowledge acquired throughout the semester as well as the development of skills.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Norbert Lechner, Las sombras del mañana. La dimensión subjetiva de la política, Lom Ediciones, 2002, 132 p.

El argumento general que presenta el texto de Lechner está bastante bien resumido por el propio autor, así que no vamos a intentar mejorarlo: “Nuestra sociedad se encuentra atravesada por la lucha que enfrenta la reivindicación de la auto-determinación democrática a la naturalización de lo social. En su lucha por ‘ser sujeto’ (tanto individual y colectivo) de su destino, los hombres se topan con múltiples problemas (pág. 99). Lo que se produce en la sociedad chilena es una autonomía de los si..

Theoretical Reflection about Socio-Educatives Aspects of Techno-Scientific Leisure

En el presente texto se hace un análisis y evaluación de la sociología del ocio tecnocientífico. Se desarrolla una caracterización del ocio para, posteriormente, hacer un estudio socio-hermenéutica de su impacto a nivel socio-educativo.This text provides an analysis and assessment of sociology of techno-scientific leisure. It develops a characterization of leisure, and then it makes a socio-hermeneutical impact to socio-educative level