Legal Defenses under Czech and German Criminal Law

The thesis addresses the analysis and comparison of individual elements of defenses under Czech and German criminal legal statutes with respect to the conclusions, which are therefrom drawn in theory and practice. The aim of the thesis was to render overview concerning the distinctions in the defenses, provided that these are based on common reasoning, are generally acknowledged and theoretically elaborated, rather than to present an exhaustive commentary on all legal institutes which exclude illegality and as such come into mind. The fact that the defenses are mutually close in their character and meaning within both legal systems was a major prerequisite for the thesis. The thesis analyses the distinctions with regard to the individual preconditions of separate defenses. These distinctions are not limited only to the extent of the wording of a legal statute, they also greatly manifest in professional literature and case law. Owing to the brief and abstract nature of the respective provisions the courts and theorists developed large quantities of principles and rules which precise and sometimes even amend these provisions. The subject has been processed under consideration of the present-day legal regulation, the topics of origin and development of defenses has intentionally not been discussed...

Vypočítávání časové normy na programovatelném kalkulátoru

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Alternativní technologie výstavby zděných konstrukcí určených pro oblasti se zvýšenou seismickou aktivitou

The Czech Republic is a country which generally sees low seismic activity; however, this activity needs to be taken into account in ca 50 % of the country’s area with 10 districts being considered as having seismic activity higher than 0.08 g. In terms of masonry structures, this issue concerns mainly the execution of the head joints of the masonry and its reinforcement (both in the direction of the bed joint and in the perpendicular direction). All these technologies are rather difficult and expensive to implement. The research focuses on assessing the possibilities of constructing dry masonry and binding it with polyurethane foam. This method allows for significantly higher shear strength of the masonry and appears to be an interesting alternative in the area of constructing buildings in seismically active areas. The structure was stiffened by filling hollow masonry units with large cavities with polyurethane foam. The PUR foam was sprayed into the units during construction. The foam thus applied hardens perpendicularly to the bed joint of the masonry and, having expanded throughout the clay units, it functions as a binder and a stiffening component to the masonry as a whole. The initial shear and flexural strength of the masonry segments was determined. The newly developed method of filling the cavities of masonry units with PUR foam was compared with the conventional method of constructing masonry by means of bonding the blocks with mortar or PUR foam in the bed joints (with no cavities filled). The filling of the masonry unit cavities brought a significant increase in the shear and flexural strength of the masonry. This indicates the stiffness of the structure increased as well.Česká republika je obecně zemí s malou seismickou aktivitou, nicméně je nutné tuto aktivitu uvažovat cca na 50 % území ČR, přičemž u 10 okresů ČR se uvažuje seismická aktivita větší než 0,08 g. V oblasti zděných konstrukcí je tato problematika spojena především s řešením styčných spár zdiva, s jeho vyztužením (jak v rovině ložné spáry, tak i v rovině kolmé). Všechny tyto technologie jsou poměrně náročné na provádění a jsou spojeny i s výrazně zvýšenými náklady. V rámci výzkumných prací byla ověřena možnost výstavby zdiva suchým způsobem a jeho zmonolitnění pomocí polyuretanové pěny. Toto řešení poskytuje výrazné zvýšení smykových pevností zdiva a jeví se jako zajímavá alternativa pro výstavbu zděných konstrukcí v seismicky zatížených oblastech. Vyšší tuhosti konstrukce bylo dosaženo vyplněním keramických tvarovek s velkými dutina polyuretanovou pěnou. PUR pěna je aplikováno dovnitř tvarovek při zdění. Dochází tak k tvrdnutí PUR pěny přes ložnou spáru zdiva a PUR pěna je po celé výšce zdiva uvnitř keramických tvarovek a funguje současně jako pojivo i ztužující prvek celého zdiva. Na segmentech zdiva byla ověřena počáteční pevnosti zdiva ve smyku a pevnost v tahu za ohybu. Vyvíjená metoda propěnění PUR pěnou uvnitř dutin tvarovek byla porovnána s klasickou metodou zdění, kdy je použita malta pouze v ložné spáře anebo PUR pěna v ložné spáře, bez plnění dutin uvnitř keramických tvarovek. Propěňování dutin v keramických tvarovkách vedlo k výraznému zvýšení počáteční pevnosti zdiva ve smyku a pevnost v tahu za ohybu.Toto je předpoklad pro zvýšení tuhosti konstrukce

Oxidation of pyrrole with: p-benzoquinone to semiconducting products and their application in electrorheology

A low-molecular-weight organic semiconducting material was prepared by the redox interaction between pyrrole and p-benzoquinone. The reaction between pyrrole and p-benzoquinone in aqueous solutions of methanesulfonic acid proceeded smoothly at room temperature. The product with a globular morphology obtained in high yield in 0.1 M methanesulfonic acid had the highest conductivity, 4.6 × 10-6 S cm-1. On the other hand, the samples prepared in the absence of acid or at high acid concentration were non-conducting. EPR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of electronic species as charge carriers responsible for conductivity. The dominating component was proved to be a low-molecular-weight adduct composed of the quinhydrone complex and the pyrrole molecule. FTIR and Raman spectra were used to discuss the molecular structure in detail. A strong electrorheological effect with a very fast response time was demonstrated by the reproducible increase in the viscosity of suspensions in silicone oil after application of the electric field. The effect is discussed with the help of dielectric spectroscopy. © 2018 The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.LO1504, NPU, Northwestern Polytechnical University; 17-04109S, GACR, Grantová Agentura České Republiky; MŠMT, Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a TělovýchovyMinistry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic [LO1504]; Czech Science Foundation [17-04109S

Synthesis and supramolecular properties of regioisomers of mononaphthylallyl derivatives of γ-cyclodextrin

Monosubstituted derivatives of γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) are suitable building blocks for supramolecular polymers, and can also serve as precursors for the synthesis of other regioselectively monosubstituted γ-CD derivatives. We prepared a set of monosubstituted 2I-O-, 3I-O-, and 6I-O-(3-(naphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-yl) derivatives of γ-CD using two different methods. A key step of the first synthetic procedure is a cross-metathesis between previously described regioisomers of mono-O-allyl derivatives of γ-CD and 2-vinylnaphthalene which gives yields of about 16–25% (2–5% starting from γ-CD). To increase the overall yields, we have developed another method, based on a direct alkylation of γ-CD with 3-(naphthalen-2-yl)allyl chloride as the alkylating reagent. Highly regioselective reaction conditions, which differ for each regioisomer in a used base, gave the monosubstituted isomers in yields between 12–19%. Supramolecular properties of these derivatives were studied by DLS, ITC, NMR, and Cryo-TEM