Una Nueva Política De Recursos Humanos En I+D: El Programa Ramón y Cajal

Publicado en: Economía Industrial, 343 (1): 149-160, 2000Peer reviewe

Una Nueva Política De Recursos Humanos En I+D: El Programa Ramón y Cajal

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Comprensión léxica en estudiantes sordos de educación primaria. Detección de necesidades para el enriquecimiento lingüístico

Se ha evaluado a 45 estudiantes sordos de educación primaria (8 y 12 años). Presentan sordera bilateral prelocutiva severa o profunda, el 44% emplean audífonos y el 56% implante coclear. Todos están escolarizados en régimen de inclusión, son hijos de padres oyentes y emplean la lengua oral española. La evaluación se ha realizado con el Test de Vocabulario en Imágenes Peabody, obteniéndose las puntuaciones percentil y CI. Estos datos nos han permitido agrupar a los participantes en función del nivel de comprensión léxica: G1 los que obtienen puntuaciones que se encuentran dos desviaciones típicas por debajo de la media y G2 los que alcanzan puntuaciones que los sitúan a menos de dos desviaciones típicas. Para extraer información del tipo de dificultades en la comprensión léxica, se ha desarrollado un procedimiento de análisis “ad hoc”: 1.- De las hojas de respuesta de todos los participantes se han extraído todas las palabras en las que se registró error y, a partir de un análisis de frecuencia, se han seleccionado las palabras en las que más participantes cometían errores. En total 25 palabras que incluyen sustantivos, verbos y adjetivos. 2.- Se ha analizado estadísticamente de entre esas palabras de mayor frecuencia de error en cuáles había diferencias significativas entre los grupos G1 y G2. 3.- Se ha realizado un análisis léxico-semántico y morfológico de aquellas palabras que resultaron representativas de las dificultades de comprensión del G1. El 60% de los participantes obtuvieron puntuaciones que los situaban dos desviaciones típicas por debajo de la media. El tipo de léxico que no comprendía este grupo se concentra principalmente en los bloques del test de 6-7 y 8-9 años. El vocabulario identificado orienta la intervención hacia la comprensión de relaciones semánticas: taxonomía y sinonimia. También se concluye la necesidad de ampliación del conocimiento de los rasgos semánticos de las palabras, así como del significado de sus prefijos y sufijos.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Clinical phenotypes of acute heart failure based on signs and symptoms of perfusion and congestion at emergency department presentation and their relationship with patient management and outcomes

Objective To compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with acute heart failure (AHF) according to clinical profiles based on congestion and perfusion determined in the emergency department (ED). Methods and results Overall, 11 261 unselected AHF patients from 41 Spanish EDs were classified according to perfusion (normoperfusion = warm; hypoperfusion = cold) and congestion (not = dry; yes = wet). Baseline and decompensation characteristics were recorded as were the main wards to which patients were admitted. The primary outcome was 1-year all-cause mortality; secondary outcomes were need for hospitalisation during the index AHF event, in-hospital all-cause mortality, prolonged hospitalisation, 7-day post-discharge ED revisit for AHF and 30-day post-discharge rehospitalisation for AHF. A total of 8558 patients (76.0%) were warm+ wet, 1929 (17.1%) cold+ wet, 675 (6.0%) warm+ dry, and 99 (0.9%) cold+ dry; hypoperfused (cold) patients were more frequently admitted to intensive care units and geriatrics departments, and warm+ wet patients were discharged home without admission. The four phenotypes differed in most of the baseline and decompensation characteristics. The 1-year mortality was 30.8%, and compared to warm+ dry, the adjusted hazard ratios were significantly increased for cold+ wet (1.660; 95% confidence interval 1.400-1.968) and cold+ dry (1.672; 95% confidence interval 1.189-2.351). Hypoperfused (cold) phenotypes also showed higher rates of index episode hospitalisation and in-hospital mortality, while congestive (wet) phenotypes had a higher risk of prolonged hospitalisation but decreased risk of rehospitalisation. No differences were observed among phenotypes in ED revisit risk. Conclusions Bedside clinical evaluation of congestion and perfusion of AHF patients upon ED arrival and classification according to phenotypic profiles proposed by the latest European Society of Cardiology guidelines provide useful complementary information and help to rapidly predict patient outcomes shortly after ED patient arrival

The relationship of TP53 R72P polymorphism to disease outcome and TP53 mutation in myelodysplastic syndromes

Nonsynonymous TP53 exon 4 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), R72P, is linked to cancer and mutagen susceptibility. R72P associations with specific cancer risk, particularly hematological malignancies, have been conflicting. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with chromosome 5q deletion is characterized by erythroid hypoplasia arising from lineage-specific p53 accumulation resulting from ribosomal insufficiency. We hypothesized that apoptotically diminished R72P C-allele may influence predisposition to del(5q) MDS. Bone marrow and blood DNA was sequenced from 705 MDS cases (333 del(5q), 372 non-del(5q)) and 157 controls. Genotype distribution did not significantly differ between del(5q) cases (12.6% CC, 38.1% CG, 49.2% GG), non-del(5q) cases (9.7% CC, 44.6% CG, 45.7% GG) and controls (7.6% CC, 37.6% CG, 54.8% GG) (P = 0.13). Allele frequency did not differ between non-del(5q) and del(5q) cases (P = 0.91) but trended towards increased C-allele frequency comparing non-del(5q) (P = 0.08) and del(5q) (P = 0.10) cases with controls. Median lenalidomide response duration increased proportionate to C-allele dosage in del(5q) patients (2.2 (CC), 1.3 (CG) and 0.89 years (GG)). Furthermore, C-allele homozygosity in del(5q) was associated with prolonged overall and progressionfree survival and non-terminal interstitial deletions that excluded 5q34, whereas G-allele homozygozity was associated with inferior outcome and terminal deletions involving 5q34 (P = 0.05). These findings comprise the largest MDS R72P SNP analysis

Phylogeography and bindin evolution in Arbacia, a sea urchin genus with an unusual distribution

Among shallow water sea urchin genera, Arbacia is the only genus that contains species found in both high and low latitudes. In order to determine the geographical origin of the genus and its history of speciation events, we constructed phylogenies based on cytochrome oxidase I and sperm bindin from all its species. Both the mitochondrial and the nuclear gene genealogies show that Arbacia originated in the temperate zone of the Southern Hemisphere and gave rise to three species in the eastern Pacific, which were then isolated from the Atlantic by the Isthmus of Panama. The mid-Atlantic barrier separated two additional species. The bindin data suggest that selection against hybridization is not important in the evolution of this molecule in this genus. Metz et al. in a previous publication found no evidence of selection on bindin of Arbacia and suggested that this might be due to allopatry between species, which obviated the need for species recognition. This suggestion formed the basis of the conclusion, widely spread in the literature, that the source of selection on sea urchin bindin (where it does occur) was reinforcement. However, the range of Arbacia spatuligera overlaps with that of two other species of Arbacia, and our data show that it is hybridizing with one of them. We found that even in the species that overlap geographically, there are no deviations from selective neutrality in the evolution of bindin