O415 Efficacy and safety of 48-week maintenance with QD ATV vs ATV/r (both + 2NRTIs) in patients with VL <50 c/mL after induction with ATV/r + 2NRTIs: study AI424136

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Zero-phase propagation in realistic plate-type acoustic metamaterials

[EN] We theoretically, numerically, and experimentally analyze the Density-Near-Zero (DNZ) regime of a one-dimensional acoustic metamaterial. This acoustic metamaterial is composed of thin elastic plates periodically clamped in an air-filled waveguide, and the effective dynamic zero mass density is obtained from the strong dispersion around the bandgaps associated with the resonances of the plates. We emphasize the importance of the impedance mismatch between the acoustic metamaterial and the surrounding waveguide at the frequency of the zero effective density in addition to the consequences of the inherent losses. As a result, the frequency of the zero phase propagation, i.e., the acoustic propagation with zero phase delay, is not exactly the frequency of the zero density and lies in the frequency bandgap where the effective density is negative. Considering these limitations, the zero phase propagation is still experimentally observed and a subwavelength acoustic dipole is numerically designed, thus demonstrating the possible realistic implementations of DNZ acoustic metamaterials.This article is based upon work from COST Action DENORMS CA15125, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). This work was funded by the Metaroom Project No. ANR-18-CE08-0021 and co-funded by ANR and RCG. J. Christensen acknowledges the support from the MINECO through a Ramon y Cajal grant (Grant No. RYC-2015-17156). J. Sanchez-Dehesa acknowledges the support from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of the Spanish government and the European Union Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) through Project No. TEC2014-53088-C3-1-R.Malléjac, M.; Merkel, A.; Sánchez-Dehesa Moreno-Cid, J.; Christensen, J.; Tournat, V.; Groby, J.; Romero García, V. (2019). Zero-phase propagation in realistic plate-type acoustic metamaterials. Applied Physics Letters. 115(13):134101-1-134101-5. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5121295S134101-1134101-511513Graciá-Salgado, R., García-Chocano, V. M., Torrent, D., & Sánchez-Dehesa, J. (2013). Negative mass density andρ-near-zero quasi-two-dimensional metamaterials: Design and applications. Physical Review B, 88(22). doi:10.1103/physrevb.88.224305Huang, T.-Y., Shen, C., & Jing, Y. (2016). Membrane- and plate-type acoustic metamaterials. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(6), 3240-3250. doi:10.1121/1.4950751Ma, G., Yang, M., Xiao, S., Yang, Z., & Sheng, P. (2014). Acoustic metasurface with hybrid resonances. Nature Materials, 13(9), 873-878. doi:10.1038/nmat3994Romero-García, V., Theocharis, G., Richoux, O., Merkel, A., Tournat, V., & Pagneux, V. (2016). Perfect and broadband acoustic absorption by critically coupled sub-wavelength resonators. Scientific Reports, 6(1). doi:10.1038/srep19519Stinson, M. R. (1991). The propagation of plane sound waves in narrow and wide circular tubes, and generalization to uniform tubes of arbitrary cross‐sectional shape. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 89(2), 550-558. doi:10.1121/1.400379Niskanen, M., Groby, J.-P., Duclos, A., Dazel, O., Le Roux, J. C., Poulain, N., … Lähivaara, T. (2017). Deterministic and statistical characterization of rigid frame porous materials from impedance tube measurements. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 142(4), 2407-2418. doi:10.1121/1.5008742Groby, J.-P., Lauriks, W., & Vigran, T. E. (2010). Total absorption peak by use of a rigid frame porous layer backed by a rigid multi-irregularities grating. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(5), 2865-2874. doi:10.1121/1.3337235Allard, J. F., & Atalla, N. (2009). Propagation of Sound in Porous Media. doi:10.1002/9780470747339De Ryck, L., Groby, J.-P., Leclaire, P., Lauriks, W., Wirgin, A., Fellah, Z. E. A., & Depollier, C. (2007). Acoustic wave propagation in a macroscopically inhomogeneous porous medium saturated by a fluid. Applied Physics Letters, 90(18), 181901. doi:10.1063/1.243157

Genetic parameters for�resistance to the Salmonella abortusovis vaccinal strain Rv6 in sheep

An experimental population (1216 lambs from 30 sires) of the Inra401 sheep was created in an Inra flock to allow QTL detection for susceptibility to Salmonella infection, wool and carcass traits. The Inra401 is a sheep composite line developed from two breeds: Berrichon du Cher and Romanov. At 113 days of age on average, the lambs were inoculated intravenously with 10(8 )Salmonella abortusovis Rv6 (vaccinal strain). They were slaughtered 10 days after the inoculation. Several traits were measured at inoculation and/or slaughtering to estimate the genetic resistance of the lambs to Salmonella infection: specific IgM and IgG1 antibody titres, body weight loss, spleen and pre-scapular node weights and counts of viable Salmonella persisting in these organs. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the genetic variability of the traits related to salmonellosis susceptibility. The heritabilities of the traits varied between 0.10 and 0.64 (significantly different from zero). Thus, in sheep as well as in other species, the determinism of resistance to Salmonella infection is under genetic control. Moreover, the correlations between the traits are in agreement with the known immune mechanisms. The genetic variability observed should help QTL detection

Study of the vertical structure of Saturn's atmosphere using HST/WFPC2 images

We have studied the vertical structure of hazes at six different latitudes (-60degrees, -50degrees, -30degrees, -10degrees, +30degrees, and +50degrees) on Saturn's atmosphere. For that purpose we have compared the results of our forward radiative transfer model to limb-to-limb retlectivity scans at four different wavelengths (230, 275, 673.2, and 893 nm). The images were obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 in September 1997, during fall on Saturn's northern hemisphere. The spatial distribution of particles appears to be very variable with latitude both in the stratosphere and troposphere. For the latitude range +50degrees to -50degrees, an atmospheric structure consisting of a stratospheric haze and a tropospheric haze interspersed by clear gas regions has been found adequate to explain the center to limb reflectivities at the different wavelengths. This atmospheric structure has been previously used by Ortiz et al. (1996, Icarus 119, 53-66) and Stam et al. (2001, Icarus 152, 407-422). In this work the top of the tropospheric haze is found to be higher at the southern latitudes than at northern latitudes. This hemispherical asymmetry seems to be related to seasonal effects. Different latitudes experience different amount of solar insolation that can affect the atmospheric structure as the season varies with time. The haze optical thickness is largest (about 30 at 673.2 nm) at latitudes +/-50 and -10 degrees, and smallest (about 18) at 30 degrees. The stratospheric haze is found to be optically thin at all studied latitudes from -50 to +50 degrees being maximum at -10degrees (r = 0.033). At -60degrees latitude, where the UV images show a strong darkening compared to other regions on the planet, the cloud structure is remarkably different when compared to the other latitudes. Here, aerosol and gas are found to be uniformly mixed down to the 400 mbar level. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Addressing social issues in a universal HIV test and treat intervention trial (ANRS 12249 TasP) in South Africa: methods for appraisal

Background: The Universal HIV Test and Treat (UTT) strategy represents a challenge for science, but is also a challenge for individuals and societies. Are repeated offers of provider-initiated HIV testing and immediate antiretroviral therapy (ART) socially-acceptable and can these become normalized over time? Can UTT be implemented without potentially adding to individual and community stigma, or threatening individual rights? What are the social, cultural and economic implications of UTT for households and communities? And can UTT be implemented within capacity constraints and other threats to the overall provision of HIV services? The answers to these research questions will be critical for routine implementation of UTT strategies. Methods/design: A social science research programme is nested within the ANRS 12249 Treatment-as-Prevention (TasP) cluster-randomised trial in rural South Africa. The programme aims to inform understanding of the (i) social, economic and environmental factors affecting uptake of services at each step of the continuum of HIV prevention, treatment and care and (ii) the causal impacts of the TasP intervention package on social and economic factors at the individual, household, community and health system level. We describe a multidisciplinary, multi-level, mixed-method research protocol that includes individual, household, community and clinic surveys, and combines quantitative and qualitative methods. Discussion: The UTT strategy is changing the overall approach to HIV prevention, treatment and care, and substantial social consequences may be anticipated, such as changes in social representations of HIV transmission, prevention, HIV testing and ART use, as well as changes in individual perceptions and behaviours in terms of uptake and frequency of HIV testing and ART initiation at high CD4. Triangulation of social science studies within the ANRS 12249 TasP trial will provide comprehensive insights into the acceptability and feasibility of the TasP intervention package at individual, community, patient and health system level, to complement the trial's clinical and epidemiological outcomes. It will also increase understanding of the causal impacts of UTT on social and economic outcomes, which will be critical for the long-term sustainability and routine UTT implementation. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01509508; South African Trial Register: DOH-27-0512-3974

Recent advances in alcohol-related liver disease (ALD): summary of a Gut roundtable meeting

Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), which includes a range of disorders of different severity and is one of the most prevalent types of liver disease worldwide, has recently regained increased attention. Among other reasons, the realisation that any alcohol intake, regardless of type of beverage represents a health risk, and the new therapeutic strategies tested in recently published or undergoing clinical trials spur scientific interest in this area. In April 2019, Gut convened a round table panel of experts during the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) International Liver Congress (ILC) in Vienna to discuss critical and up-to-date issues and clinical trial data regarding ALD, its epidemiology, diagnosis, management, pathomechanisms, possible future treatments and prevention. This paper summarises the discussion and its conclusions

67P/C-G inner coma dust properties from 2.2 au inbound to 2.0 auoutbound to the Sun

GIADA (Grain Impact Analyzer and Dust Accumulator) on-board the Rosetta space probe is designed to measure the momentum, mass and speed of individual dust particles escaping the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P). From 2014 August to 2016 June, Rosetta escorted comet 67P during its journey around the Sun. Here, we focus on GIADA data taken between 2015 January and 2016 February which included 67P's perihelion passage. To better understand cometary activity and more specifically the presence of dust structures in cometary comae, we mapped the spatial distribution of dust density in 67P's coma. In this manner, we could track the evolution of high-density regions of coma dust and their connections with nucleus illumination conditions, namely tracking 67P's seasons. We also studied the link between dust particle speeds and their masses with respect to heliocentric distance, i.e. the level of cometary activity. This allowed us to derive a global and a local correlation of the dust particles' speed distribution with respect to the H2O production rate. © 2016 The Authors.Peer Reviewe

Equilibrating SSC guidelines with individualized care

No abstract was provided by the editors of this work

Inter-annual trends of ultrafine particles in urban Europe

Ultrafine particles (UFP, those with diameters ≤ 100 nm), have been reported to potentially penetrate deeply into the respiratory system, translocate through the alveoli, and affect various organs, potentially correlating with increased mortality. The aim of this study is to assess long-term trends (5–11 years) in mostly urban UFP concentrations based on measurements of particle number size distributions (PNSD). Additionally, concentrations of other pollutants and meteorological variables were evaluated to support the interpretations. PNSD datasets from 12 urban background (UB), 5 traffic (TR), 3 suburban background (SUB) and 1 regional background (RB) sites in 15 European cities and 1 in the USA were evaluated. The non-parametric Theil-Sen's method was used to detect monotonic trends. Meta-analyses were carried out to assess the overall trends and those for different environments. The results showed significant decreases in NO, NO2, BC, CO, and particle concentrations in the Aitken (25–100 nm) and the Accumulation (100–800 nm) modes, suggesting a positive impact of the implementation of EURO 5/V and 6/VI vehicle standards on European air quality. The growing use of Diesel Particle Filters (DPFs) might also have clearly reduced exhaust emissions of BC, PM, and the Aitken and Accumulation mode particles. However, as reported by prior studies, there remains an issue of poor control of Nucleation mode particles (smaller than 25 nm), which are not fully reduced with current DPFs, without emission controls for semi-volatile organic compounds, and might have different origins than road traffic. Thus, contrasting trends for Nucleation mode particles were obtained across the cities studied. This mode also affected the UFP and total PNC trends because of the high proportion of Nucleation mode particles in both concentration ranges. It was also found that the urban temperature increasing trends might have also influenced those of PNC, Nucleation and Aitken modes.</p