Classification of Clouds Sampled at the Puy de Dôme Station (France) Based on Chemical Measurements and Air Mass History Matrices

A statistical analysis of 295 cloud samples collected at the Puy de Dôme station in France (PUY), covering the period 2001–2018, was conducted using principal component analysis (PCA), agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC), and partial least squares (PLS) regression. Our model classified the cloud water samples on the basis of their chemical concentrations and of the dynamical history of their air masses estimated with back-trajectory calculations. The statistical analysis split our dataset into two sets, i.e., the first set characterized by westerly air masses and marine characteristics, with high concentrations of sea salts and the second set having air masses originating from the northeastern sector and the “continental” zone, with high concentrations of potentially anthropogenic ions. It appears from our dataset that the influence of cloud microphysics remains minor at PUY as compared with the impact of the air mass history, i.e., physicochemical processes, such as multiphase reactivity

VALIDATION OF GOMOS OZONE PROFILES USING NDSC LIDAR : STATISTICAL COMPARISONS

ABSTRACT The lidars deployed in the NDSC framework have been used for the validation of GOMOS onboard ENVISAT. During the commissioning phase around ten coincidences per site have been investigated. No significant bias, larger than ±5 %, has been reported except around 50 km and 20 km where both techniques are known to present some limitations. The estimated errors of both GOMOS and lidar are in good agreement with the standard deviation of the differences between coincidences. At higher latitude, comparisons are not so good because of the measurement conditions of bright limb during this period

Tropospheric and stratospheric smoke over Europe as observed within EARLINET/ACTRIS in summer 2017

For several weeks in summer 2017, strong smoke layers were observed over Europe at numerous EARLINET stations. EARLINET is the European research lidar network and part of ACTRIS and comprises more than 30 ground-based lidars. The smoke layers were observed in the troposphere as well as in the stratosphere up to 25 km from Northern Scandinavia over whole western and central Europe to the Mediterranean regions. Backward trajectory analysis among other tools revealed that these smoke layers originated from strong wild fires in western Canada in combination with pyrocumulus convection. An extraordinary fire event in the mid of August caused intense smoke layers that were observed across Europe for several weeks starting on 18 August 2017. Maximum aerosol optical depths up to 1.0 at 532 nm were observed at Leipzig, Germany, on 22 August 2017 during the peak of this event. The stratospheric smoke layers reached extinction coefficient values of more than 600 Mm−1 at 532 nm, a factor of 10 higher than observed for volcanic ash after the Pinatubo eruption in the 1990s. First analyses of the intensive optical properties revealed low particle depolarization values at 532 nm for the tropospheric smoke (spherical particles) and rather high values (up to 20%) in the stratosphere. However, a strong wavelength dependence of the depolarization ratio was measured for the stratospheric smoke. This indicates irregularly shaped stratospheric smoke particles in the size range of the accumulation mode. This unique depolarization feature makes it possible to distinguish clearly smoke aerosol from cirrus clouds or other aerosol types by polarization lidar measurements. Particle extinction-to-backscatter ratios were rather low in the order of 40 to 50 sr at 355 nm, while values between 70-90 sr were measured at higher wavelengths. In the western and central Mediterranean, stratospheric smoke layers were most prominent in the end of August at heights between 16 and 20 km. In contrast, stratospheric smoke started to occur in the eastern Mediterranean (Cyprus and Israel) in the beginning of September between 18 and 23 km. Stratospheric smoke was still visible in the beginning of October at certain locations (e.g. Evora, Portugal), while tropospheric smoke was mainly observed until the end of August within Europe. An overview of the smoke layers measured at several EARLINET sites will be given. The temporal development of these layers as well as their geometrical and optical properties will be presented

How Certain are We of the Uncertainties in Recent Ozone Profile Trend Assessments of Merged Limbo Ccultation Records? Challenges and Possible Ways Forward

Most recent assessments of long-term changes in the vertical distribution of ozone (by e.g. WMO and SI2N) rely on data sets that integrate observations by multiple instruments. Several merged satellite ozone profile records have been developed over the past few years; each considers a particular set of instruments and adopts a particular merging strategy. Their intercomparison by Tummon et al. revealed that the current merging schemes are not sufficiently refined to correct for all major differences between the limb/occultation records. This shortcoming introduces uncertainties that need to be known to obtain a sound interpretation of the different satellite-based trend studies. In practice however, producing realistic uncertainty estimates is an intricate task which depends on a sufficiently detailed understanding of the characteristics of each contributing data record and on the subsequent interplay and propagation of these through the merging scheme. Our presentation discusses these challenges in the context of limb/occultation ozone profile records, but they are equally relevant for other instruments and atmospheric measurements. We start by showing how the NDACC and GAW-affiliated ground-based networks of ozonesonde and lidar instruments allowed us to characterize fourteen limb/occultation ozone profile records, together providing a global view over the last three decades. Our prime focus will be on techniques to estimate long-term drift since our results suggest this is the main driver of the major trend differences between the merged data sets. The single-instrument drift estimates are then used for a tentative estimate of the systematic uncertainty in the profile trends from merged data records. We conclude by reflecting on possible further steps needed to improve the merging algorithms and to obtain a better characterization of the uncertainties involved

Étude des transferts stratosphère-troposphère <br />en bordure sud de la zone tropicale <br />et impact sur le bilan d'ozone troposphérique

The stratosphere-troposphere exchanges induced by the polar jet-stream of the northern hemisphere are well documented. In the subtropics, since few data are available, studies of stratosphere-troposphere exchanges are limited. These exchange result from jet-stream instabilities, and also from the detrainment of stratospheric air induced by deep convection in cyclones and in the inter-tropical convergence zone. Using the Reunion station data base of radiosoundings performed at a semi-monthly frequency, and also various other experimental data, (satellite and ECMWF global model data), a first qualitative approach based on cases study is presented. The concepts of ageostrophism, jet-streak and upper level frontogenesis, allowed to characterise and analyse the formation of several subtropical tropopause folds and cut-off lows. A strong subsiding transfer on April 6, 1995 (300 ppbv at altitude 10 km), following from the cyclone Marlene activity, is suggested in the peripheral part of the cyclone, at approximately 1000 km of the centre of the cyclone. The dynamic analysis seems to indicate a limited horizontal extension transfer, which would involve typically dynamic meso-scale mechanisms. To allow a better tropospheric ozone monitoring, an ozone lidar, range toping near the high tropical tropopause, has been developed and installed at Reunion university. The results, obtained within the framework of the TRACAS campaign in July 1998, evidenced very regular stratospheric ozone in the free troposphere, during the whole month of measurement. ECMWF and Meteosat analyses led evidence of a planetary-scale tropopause fold. These mechanisms are necessarily different from midlatitude folds, and could be controlled by the return flow of the Indian monsoon, and by the downward branch of the southern Hadley cell.Les échanges entre la stratosphère et la troposphère induits par le courant-jet de l'hémisphère Nord sont bien documentés. Cependant, peu de données sont disponibles dans les régions subtropicales, ce qui a longtemps limité les études des échanges stratosphère-troposphère dans ces régions, en relation d'une part à la barrière dynamique et au courant-jet subtropical de l'hémisphère sud, et, d'autre part, à la convection tropicale, nuages convectifs tropicaux, cyclones et zone de convergence intertropicale. Se basant principalement sur l'analyse des radiosondages effectués à un rythme bimensuel par le laboratoire depuis 1992, complétés par diverses autres données expérimentales, satellitales, et des sorties du modèle dynamique global du centre européen ECMWF, une première approche qualitative a débouché sur l'identification et l'analyse de plusieurs cas d'étude. Les concepts d'agéostrophisme, de jet-streak et de frontogénèse d'altitude ont permis de caractériser et d'analyser la formation de plusieurs foliations subtropicales et gouttes froides d'altitude. Les échanges entre la stratosphère et la troposphère en relation avec la convection tropicale, ont été ensuite abordés, dans un cas de transfert subsident intense le 6 avril 1995 (300 ppbv à l'altitude 10 km), alors que la Réunion était dans la partie périphérique du cyclone Marlène, à environ 1000 km du centre du cyclone. Après vérification de la bonne prise en compte du cyclone par les données des modèles utilisés (NMC et ECMWF), l'analyse dynamique semble indiquer une extension horizontale assez limitée du transfert, qui serait constitué typiquement par des mécanismes dynamiques à méso-echelle. Pour permettre un meilleur suivi temporel de la concentration d'ozone troposphérique, un lidar ozone a été installé à la Réunion. Les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de la campagne TRACAS en juillet 1998 ont montré des apports d'ozone ayant une origine stratosphérique dans la troposphère, d'une manière extrêmement régulière pendant le mois de campagne de mesure. L'analyse dynamique au moyen des données du modèle européen et des données Météosat a permis la mise en évidence d'un pli de la tropopause d'échelle planétaire. Ces mécanismes sont nécessairement différents de ceux mis en jeu dans les latitudes moyennes et pourraient être contrôlés par le flux de retour de mousson et la branche descendante de la cellule de Hadley

Contribution au développement d'une station d'observation de l'Atmosphère à la Réunion et à l'étude de l'ozone troposphérique en région tropicale

This document is a synthesis of about ten years of scientific activity at Reunion Island in the Southern Tropics, as “physicien adjoint” affected to IPSL and detached to Reunion university, in the laboratory LPA which became LACY while joining Meteo-France. This document thus contains a presentation of instrumental development of the station OPAR and its place in the international networks of research, which corresponds to my mission of participation in the observation services. A synthesis of the main results obtained within the tropical tropospheric ozone problematic is then presented. Indeed, this ten years of tropospheric ozone measurements by lidar and radiosonde has allowed us to look further into detail cases studies of mechanisms source of tropospheric ozone at Reunion Island, to establish the climatology of ozone and of the tropopause and to release the first estimates of trends of tropospheric ozone.Ce document constitue une synthèse de ma dizaine d'années d'activité scientifique passées sous les tropiques, en tant que physicien adjoint affecté à l'IPSL et détaché à la Réunion, au LPA qui devint LACY en s'associant à Météo-France. Ce document contient donc une présentation de l'essor instrumental de la station de l'OPAR et sa place dans les réseaux de recherche internationaux, qui reflète mon activité dans le cadre de ma mission de participation aux services d'observation. Une synthèse des principaux résultats obtenus par rapport au bilan de l'ozone troposphérique tropical est ensuite présentée. En effet, cette dizaine d'années d'observation de l'ozone troposphérique par lidar et radiosondages nous a permis d'approfondir des cas d'études pour détailler les mécanismes source de l'ozone troposphérique à la Réunion, d'établir la climatologie de l'ozone et de la tropopause et de dégager les premières estimations de tendances de l'ozone troposphérique

CAT_plot_mean_traj.m

CAT_plot_mean_traj.m : matlab/octave script to calculate mean trajectories from clusters and plot them </p

CAT_plot_all_cluster_traj.m

CAT_plot_all_cluster_traj.m : matlab/octave script to plot all cluster figures</p

CAT.m

CAT.m : matlab/octave script to calculate backward trajectory (CAT model code)</p

ECMWF_Extraction_script.py

ECMWF_Extraction_script : python script to extract ECMWF ERA5 wind fields (entry of the CAT model code)</p