Education : new frontier of bioethics

Este estudo analisa a opinião de professores quanto à introdução de conteúdo sobre bioética no currículo do ensino médio. Foram selecionadas seis escolas: três públicas e três particulares da principal região administrativa de Brasília. De um universo de 340 professores, 150 aderiram à pesquisa. Foi apresentado um questionário com alternativas versando sobre a existência ou não de conteúdo relacionado com a construção de valores nos estudantes. O segundo momento contou com 140 dos professores que participaram da primeira fase. Foi-lhes entregue um texto que resumia o que era a bioética. Ao final, havia um espaço à pergunta se uma nova disciplina de bioética preencheria a lacuna curricular na formação de valores e atitudes éticas nos estudantes. A análise dos dados demonstrou que: (a) a escola não tem cumprido a função de instrumentar a formação da consciência ética; (b) na opinião dos docentes, isto vem acontecendo em razão da inexistência de uma disciplina que se responsabilize pela abordagem destas questões; (c) 51% dos entrevistados se posicionaram a favor da introdução de uma disciplina que trate da bioética na estrutura curricular do ensino médio, por acreditarem que ela poderia contribuir à construção de valores morais e atitudes afirmativas dos estudantes. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThis study analyses the opinion of teachers regarding the inclusion of contents on Bioethics in the curricular structure of high school. Six schools were selected: three public and three private in the main administrative region of Brasília. In a universe of 340 teachers, 150 joined the research. They were given a questionnaire with answers about the existence or not of curricular contents related to the construction of values in the students. The second phase counted with 140 teachers out of those who joined the first part of the research. These teachers received a text briefly explaining what Bioethics is with a closed space for answering if the inclusion of a new discipline on Bioethics would help creating values and ethics attitudes in the students. There was space for justifying this answer. Data analysis showed that: (a) the school has not carried out its role as an instrument of a critical vision; (b) according to the teachers, this is the result of the absence of a discipline focused on the approach to ethic questions; (c) 51% of the respondents took sides with the inclusion of a discipline that deals with Bioethics in the curricular structure of high school because they believe that it would help the construction of the students’ moral values and affirmative attitudes

Ética, bioética y educación

Este artigo mostra que a publicação do livro Bioética: uma ponte para o futuro, de Van Rensselaer, mudou a perspectiva dos estudos sobre a ética nos cenários nacional e internacional, concedendo a esta área do conhecimento uma importância nunca antes observada no que se refere à educação e cooperação internacional. Com a promulgação, em 2005, da Declaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos – DUBDH, o Estado brasileiro passou a ter obrigação de envidar esforços para promoção da formação e educação em bioética. Trata-se de uma disciplina que se fundamenta nas reflexões filosóficas, razão pela qual, se fez necessário expor as diferenças conceituais entre ética e moral utilizando-se das concepções de Heráclito e Aristóteles. Ademais, o presente estudo apresenta uma definição operacional da ética mais próxima dos princípios estabelecidos na DUBDH. Por fim, procura chamar atenção para o fato de que, apesar do compromisso firmado pelo Estado, a disciplina bioética encontra-se ainda restrita aos cursos de graduação e pós graduação, sendo ministrada, principalmente, por profissionais que não têm formação em filosofia, ética ou bioética. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThis paper indicates that the publication of the book Bioethics: bridge to the future, by Van Resselaer, changed the perspectives of the studies about ethics, conceding to this area an importance never seen before, concerning education and international cooperation. Since the promulgation of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Humans Rights – UDBHR, in 2005, Brazil began to promote efforts on bioethics formation and education. As Bioethics is a discipline based on philosophical reflections, it was necessary to expose the conceptual differences between ethical and moral using Heráclito and Aristoteles`s conceptual. Moreover, this study offers an operational ethical definition closer to the principles established by UDBHR. At last, it aims to highlight that, despites the commitments accepted by Brazil, Bioethics discipleine is still restricted to graduation and post-graduation and besides, is being taught by professionals that are not specialists in philosophy, ethic or bioethics. _______________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMENEste trabajo muestra que la publicación de los libros de Bioética : puente hacia El futuro, Van Rensselaer , cambió la perspectiva de los estudios sobre la ética en los planos nacional e internacional , dando a este área de conocimiento de una cantidad nunca antes vista en relación con la educación y la cooperación internacional. Con la promulgación en 2005 de la Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos - DUBDH , el Estado brasileño tiene ahora la obligación de realizar esfuerzos para promover la formación y la educación en materia de bioética . Es una disciplina que se basa en la reflexión filosófica , por lo que era necesario exponer las diferencias conceptuales entre la ética y La moral que utilizan los conceptos de Heráclito y Aristóteles. Por otra parte , este estúdio presenta una definición operativa de la ética más a los principios establecidos en DUBDH . Por último , se busca llamar la atención sobre El hecho de que a pesar del compromiso asumido por el Estado , la disciplina de la bioética sigue restringida a pregrado y postgrado , se enseña principalmente por profesionales que no están capacitados en la filosofía, ética o bioética

A database of freshwater fish species of the Amazon Basin

The Amazon Basin is an unquestionable biodiversity hotspot, containing the highest freshwater biodiversity on earth and facing off a recent increase in anthropogenic threats. The current knowledge on the spatial distribution of the freshwater fish species is greatly deficient in this basin, preventing a comprehensive understanding of this hyper-diverse ecosystem as a whole. Filling this gap was the priority of a transnational collaborative project, i.e. the AmazonFish project - https://www.amazon-fish.com/. Relying on the outputs of this project, we provide the most complete fish species distribution records covering the whole Amazon drainage. The database, including 2,406 validated freshwater native fish species, 232,936 georeferenced records, results from an extensive survey of species distribution including 590 different sources (e.g. published articles, grey literature, online biodiversity databases and scientific collections from museums and universities worldwide) and field expeditions conducted during the project. This database, delivered at both georeferenced localities (21,500 localities) and sub-drainages grains (144 units), represents a highly valuable source of information for further studies on freshwater fish biodiversity, biogeography and conservation

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Amazonia Camtrap: a data set of mammal, bird, and reptile species recorded with camera traps in the Amazon forest.

Abstract : The Amazon forest has the highest biodiversity on Earth. However, information on Amazonian vertebrate diversity is still deficient and scatteredacross the published, peer-reviewed, and gray literature and in unpublishedraw data. Camera traps are an effective non-invasive method of surveying vertebrates, applicable to different scales of time and space. In this study, we organized and standardized camera trap records from different Amazonregions to compile the most extensive data set of inventories of mammal,bird, and reptile species ever assembled for the area. The complete data setcomprises 154,123 records of 317 species (185 birds, 119 mammals, and13 reptiles) gathered from surveys from the Amazonian portion of eightcountries (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru,Suriname, and Venezuela). The most frequently recorded species per taxawere: mammals:Cuniculus paca (11,907 records); birds: Pauxi tuberosa (3713 records); and reptiles:Tupinambis teguixin(716 records). The infor-mation detailed in this data paper opens up opportunities for new ecological studies at different spatial and temporal scales, allowing for a moreaccurate evaluation of the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, climatechange, and other human-mediated defaunation processes in one of themost important and threatened tropical environments in the world. The data set is not copyright restricted; please cite this data paper when usingits data in publications and we also request that researchers and educator sinform us of how they are using these data

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries