Maternal effect in selected rodent species: positive and negative effect on offspring fitness

This work describes the most studied mechanisms which could be classified as maternal effects. Here I focus on the effects of body weight, health status, intestinal microflora and age of the mother in model rodent organisms. I also present factors such as the position of the young in the uterus, population density, stress and especially maternal care, which accompanies this entire work. Each of these mechanisms can positively or negatively influence offspring fitness, depending on specific environmental conditions. Maternal behaviour is presented here in the form of research, which documents both epigenetic and genetic influences acting on its final form. Maternal care as an element of maternal behaviour shows a different measure between individuals, indicated by the frequency of licking and cleaning offsprings. By evaluation of maternal care, we can find in laboratory populations two stable phenotypes of individuals with different behavioural manifestations in terms of sexual behaviour, stress reaction, aggression or cognitive abilities. The discussion critically evaluates whether maternal care really affects reproductive success and whether it can therefore be considered an adaptive mechanism. According to the available information, low maternal care appears to be a more beneficial strategy in...Tato práce popisuje nejvíce studované mechanismy, které můžeme řadit do maternálního efektu. Konkrétně se zde u modelových hlodavčích organismů věnuji vlivům tělesné hmotnosti, zdravotního stavu, střevní mikroflóry a věku matky. Dále také uvádím faktory jako je pozice mláďat v děloze, populační hustota, stres a zejména mateřská péče, která provází celou tuto práci. Každý z těchto mechanismů může pozitivně či negativně ovlivňovat fitness potomstva, a to v závislosti na konkrétních podmínkách prostředí. Mateřské chování je zde prezentováno formou rešerše, která uvádí jak epigenetické, tak genetické vlivy působící na jeho konečnou podobu. Mateřská péče, jakožto prvek mateřského chování, vykazuje mezi jedinci odlišnou míru udávanou frekvencí olizování a čištění mláďat. Hodnocením mateřské péče nacházíme v laboratorních populacích dva stabilní fenotypy jedinců s odlišnými behaviorálními projevy v rámci sexuálního chování, stresové reakce, agrese či kognitivních schopností. V diskusi je kriticky zhodnoceno, zda mateřská péče opravdu působí na reprodukční úspěšnost a zda tedy může být považována za adaptivní mechanismus. Dle dostupných informací se nízká mateřská péče jeví jako výhodnější strategie v laboratorních podmínkách, je tedy otázkou budoucího výzkumu, jaká další vlastnost udržuje i samice s...Department of ZoologyKatedra zoologieFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Urban Planning in Practice

Diplomová práce popisuje územní plánování. Seznamuje s jeho nástroji, procesy vzniku a možnostmi použití opravných prostředků. Práce mapuje možnosti veřejnosti zasáhnout do těchto procesů. Obsahuje teoretické příklady a hlavně uvádí skutečné ukázky zásahů veřejnosti do územního plánování.The aim of this master´s thesis is the system of the urban planning. It describes its means, remedies, process and formation. The thesis maps options of the public to influence this processes. It contains teoretical examples as well as practical.

Cry3A δ-endotoxin gene mutagenized for enhanced toxicity to spruce bark beetle in a receptor binding loop

Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3A gene was redesigned for high expression in Norwegian spruce and the sequence was slightly modified to allow for simple N- and C- terminal deletions and domain II loop 1 exchange for synthetic oligos. Modified Cry3A toxins from 13 variants of the synthetic gene were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and their toxicity on spruce bark beetle larvae was tested using spruce bark sandwiches. Mutant toxins with N-terminal deletion and loop 1 duplication showed increased toxicity.Key words: Bacillus thuringiensis, Ips typographus, Picea abies, resistance

Pohybová aktivita jako účinný prostředek nefarmakologické péče v onkologii

Title in English: Physical activity as an effective means of non-pharmacological care in oncology. Much of the existing research confirms the assumption that regular physical activity can play a crucial role in nonpharmacological therapy and quality of life management in cancer survivors. The treatment of oncological diseases itself brings about numerous undesirable side effects, such as cardiotoxicity, anxiety, depression, sarcopenia, polyneuropathy, cancer fatigue and sleep disorders. Regular physical activity is associated with significant benefits for health including a lower risk of developing certain types of tumours and elimination of the accompanying undesirable effects of oncological treatment. A number of epidemiological studies found a correlation between regular physical activity and lower mortality linked to oncological diseases. The minimal amount of the activity needed to gain this benefit has not been established, however, the recommendations of ACSM indicate that at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity are needed per week. Physical exercise as nonpharmacological treatment is a domain of cancer survivors therapy whose aim is to incorporate targeted controlled exercise programmes into the overall treatment plan of the patients. Exercise programmes can be performed both in the duration of the illness as well as in the period prior to the treatment or in the course of adjuvant antitumour treatment (including chemotherapy) and in survivors. When prescribing physical activity it is necessary to take current health condition of the patient into account including their comorbidities, age or the level of physical fitness. If controlled physical activity is to become an indispensable part of oncological treatment it will be necessary to prove the therapy is safe and cost-effective

Projects of environmental education at a preliminary class

of THESIS The aim of the thesis "Projects of environmental education at a preliminary class" is to point to more effective ways leading to better integration of children coming of socioculturally disadvantaging environment to an education process by means of environmental education projects. The theoretical part of this thesis, issuing from the expert literature, deals with upbringing and education of pupils at the preliminary class of the special primary school, with general rules of creating/carrying out projects. The applied part includes the concrete elaborated projects. The observation is focused on analysis of importance of concrete activities accomplished within the projects for asuccessful participation of the target group in the education process

Wage problems from accounting and tax view

The graduation theses is focused on wage problems and related areas in the private sector and contains summary of informations necessary to right pay accounting. With respect to tax and social insurance reforms in last years the main aim of this theses is to compare the impact of changes on pay accounting in years 2007 -- 2009. Problems of social and health insurance and taxes are mentioned in regularizations valid in these years. In every chapter are added examples concerning these problems. These examples allow year-on-year comparison. The graduation theses contains within mentioned problems also other problems: payroll deductions, mileage, refundof wages and benefits as other form of remuneration of employees. Also in these chapters are given examples for best understanding and clarity. Each chapter contains also accounting of mentioned problems in double-entry accounting. The graduation theses is ended up with complex example which compares height of net earnings in years 2007 -- 2009

School management in terms of essential increasing the number of pupils

Centrum školského managementuFaculty of EducationPedagogická fakult

Proposal of procedure for quality system implementation in a mid size railway undertaking, including choice of suitable methods for quality parameters´evalutaion

Práce se zaměřuje na postupy při zavádění systémů řízení kvality u malých a středních železničních podniků. Zabývá se také rozborem současné legislativy, kterou se musí železniční podniky řídit při zavádění systémů řízení kvality. Práce řeší výběr a hodnocení standardů kvality a návrh příručky kvality jako základního dokumentu pro zavádění systémů řízení kvality.The thesis focuses on procedure of implementation of quality control systems in small- and mid-size railway undertakings. It moreover deals with analysis of current legislation, which these railway undertakings have to follow during quality control systems' implementation. The thesis concerns with choice and evaluations of quality standards and proposal of quality manual as the basic document for quality system control implementation.Katedra dopravních prostředků a diagnostikyDiplomantka ve své prezentaci seznámila zkušební komisi s problematikou systému kvality u středně velkého podniku. Na položené otázky odpověděla.Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobo